Cannabis breeders info dump thread

Discussion in 'Cannabis Breeding' started by Zombie1, Sep 8, 2015.

  1. P1-The name of the parent to which a hybrid is crossed in a backcross. original parental generation used to develop F1 hybrids or stabilizing true breeding

    F1- generation : The progeny produced from a cross between two parents (P1) is called First Filial or F1 generation. When you cross two different IBL strains for the FIRST time, it is called the F1 generation.

    F2- generation : The progeny resulting from self hybridization or inbreeding of F1 individuals is called Second Filial or F2 generation.

    Calyx - The whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forms the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud; usually green

    Capitate Stalk -Botany - forming a head like mass or dense cluster, as the flowers of plants in the composite family. Enlarged and globular at the tip.

    Clone - An organism descended asexually from a single ancestor, such as a plant produced by layering or a polyp produced by budding.

    Dominant - Of, relating to, or being an allele that produces the same phenotypic effect whether inherited with a homozygous or heterozygous allele. said of an allele which by itself alone will produce a particular phenotype regardless of which other allele may be present on the other matching chromosome of the diploid pair; thus it takes only one copy of the chromosome to cause a dominant trait to be expressed in the phenotype.

    Genome - the total genetic information possessed by an individual, a breed or a species.

    Genotype - the invisible genetic makeup of an individual organism, which includes alleles which may be recessive and therefore have no visible physical expression.

    Homozygous - An individual possessing (receiving from parents) identical alleles for a trait is said to be homozygous or pure for that trait, e.g. plant with RR alleles is homozygous for the seed shape. A homozygous always breeds true for that trait.

    Hybrid - A strain made up of two genetically unknown parents.(not really a strain)


    Inbred Backcrossed Line - (IBL) - A line produced by at least five generations of sequential inbreeding, self fertilization or backcrossing accompanied by selection within and between lines so that the individuals are considered to be homozygous, or nearly so. is a genetically homogeneous strain that grows uniformly from seed. An IBL is homozygous, or true breeding for particular traits. Not the same as Land Based Species (originals).

    Off-spring - The progeny or descendants of a plant considered as a group.

    Out-cross - A female crossed with a male with the soul intention of inbreeding the sibling line to the mother plant.

    Phenotype - The external (morphological) appearance of an individual for any trait or traits is called the phenotype, e.g. for seeds, round shape or wrinkled shape is the phenotype The observable, qualifiable and quantifiable representation of a trait.

    Pistil - The female, ovule-bearing organ of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary.

    Pistolate – Female

    Pollen - The fine powder like material consisting of pollen grains that is produced by the anthers of seed plants.

    Potency - The quality or state of being potent. strength/efficacy/effectiveness

    Recessive - Tending to go backward or recede. Of or relating to a trait that is expressed only when the determining allele is present in the homozygous condition.

    Resin - Trichomes come in three different types, Bulbous, Capitate-Sessile and Capitate-Stalked.

    Stamens - The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, usually consisting of a filament and an anther. Staminate – Male

    THC - Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol & delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol - THC mimics the action of anandamide, a neurotransmitter produced naturally in the body, which binds with the cannabinoid receptors in the brain to produce the ‘high' associated with marijuana. THC possesses high UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption properties.

    Trait - A genetically determined characteristic or condition: a recessive trait.

    Trichomes - Cannabis resin glands.\t
    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
     
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  2. hybrid vigor

    <center> </center>Not many are using this term to describe the actions of pollination and offspring in cannabis. We hear the term "Hybrid Vigor" used with increasing regularity to describe so called "strains" which are in actuality the repeated crossing of a male and female to create a succession of vigorous plants from seed.

    First, an F-1 is NOT a strain, it is a stepping stone in selective breeding, a repeatable experiment that with stable parents can be used to create through long term clone maintenance a series of breedings that are or COULD be similar to the initial cross of male - female partners. One must also consider genetic drift in that environmental influence can and will cause either male or female plants to change in adapting to any differences.

    A male or female that is kept at one location, under one strict set of environmental conditions from the first day my hold true. If one were to take that same plant to a different environment, it will adapt. Future expressions will be influenced by this change and the offspring will change to reflect this change.

    Many of the so called "breeders" of cannabis do not take the time or make the effort to lock down the traits by taking the F-1 to F-2, back breeding and working thru the selection process to assure the person that buys their offerings will find the expression of the parent, parents or combination .

    A good paper on Heterosis....

    Abstract

    Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents. Various models have been posited to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and pseudo-overdominance. In this Perspective, we consider that it might be useful to the field to abandon these terms that by their nature constrain data interpretation and instead attempt a progression to a quantitative genetic framework involving interactions in hierarchical networks. While we do not provide a comprehensive model to explain the phenomenology of heterosis, we provide the details of what needs to be explained and a direction of pursuit that we feel should be fruitful.

    Selected Excerpts

    WHAT IS HETEROSIS ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL?

    The developmental program of hybrids is not dramatically altered, so a specific type of quantitative trait is involved, namely, greater cell proliferation. Heterosis can vary in different crosses in different tissues. Flowering time often changes in hybrids, but depending on the species, the heterotic phenotype can involve either faster or slower progression to flowering. It has been argued that slowing the time to flowering will prolong vegetative growth. Whether this is a valid principle for heterosis remains unknown but certainly breaks down in crosses in which flowering time is sped up in hybrids together with an increase in biomass and fertility

    Link to the study

    http://www.plantcell.org/content/22/7/2105.full


     
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  3. Stable Generation: A true F1 made between inbred parents, or a cross between two individuals of the same IBL, will produce seeds that are consistent from plant to plant. F1 plants will grow alike, but will not breed true. IBL's grow alike and will produce offspring that grow alike, both to each other and to the parents. Crossing an IBL to an F1 will produce intermediate results and is a good technique if you have the capacity to evaluate the offspring, or if you are looking for more than one keeper pheno in the progeny.


    Segregating Generations: A cros between two hybrids will produce a wide range of phenotypes, especially if the hybrid grandparents are widely unrelated. Segregating generations are where the breeder goes to work, sorting through hundreds of plants to find the ones that meet the goal of the program. Most seeds on the market today are segregating generations.
     
  4. Certain inbred lines will display hybrid vigour when crossed. These vigorous lines are said to have favorable combining ability.

    Certain inbreds have the ability to combine well with testers--these have general combining ability (GCA). When the inbred combines well only in certain crosses, it has specific combining ability (SCA). The only way to select for combining ability is to grow and examine the progeny. An astute breeder can recognize the potentital for hybrid vigour by identifying the dominant traits of the parents and deducing which lines may combine favorably.

    Predicting the combining ability of recessive traits can only be determined through progeny testing.

    The breeder is interested in single crosses (also known as F1 generations) that outperform other single crosses. If the breeder has multiple IBLs to work with, she could select first for GCA, then for SCA among the lines with GCA, then identify the best parental gene donors. In most cases with Cannabis you can go directly to selecting for specific combining ability between your IBL and your testers.
    What is hybrid vigour?
    Added by: MR_NATURAL420 Last edited by: Team GrowFAQ Viewed: 2201 times
    When two inbred lines from diferent origins are crossed and the resultant progeny produce a better yield or quality due to a better balance of genes, that is hybrid vigour (heterosis). Not all crosses are an improvement on the parents. Random crosses among random lines will give you random results. Hybrid vigour results when the parents used express favorable specific combining ability.

    Home : Breeding : Strategies

    What are the different types of crosses?
    Added by: MR_NATURAL420 Last edited by: Team GrowFAQ Viewed: 4645 times
    A "single cross" is another name for an F1 hybrid. When two IBLs are crossed the F1 hybrid, or single cross, is the result. This type of cross has the most uniformity and hybrid vigor which makes it the best choice for the home gardener.

    A "double cross" is made by crossing two single crosses which come from four separate IBLs. A double cross will be somewhat more variable than a single cross, but will have a wider range of adaptability. This adaptability makes the double cross good for diverse indoor environments.

    The "top cross" and the "three way cross" are used as testers. A top cross is an IBL crossed with a variety, and it is used to test for general combining ability.(Ed.note:Only GCA can be found in a topcross.SCA is not sought because one half of the topcross is from a single genotype and the other half is from mixed gametes,therefore,one gene donor is unspecified.) A three way cross is an IBL crossed with an F1. The result of this cross will be one of the parents of the double-cross, and it is used to test for specific combining ability.

    A "backcross" is crossing the progeny back to one of its parents,and on another level, to any plant with the same genotype as a Parent. It is designed to improve the parent by retaining most of its qualities and adding a new one. After a series of backcrosses,some degree of uniformity is realized as a result of increased gene frequencies,fixing of some loci through selection and some incidental homozygosity. However, the offspring can only become completely homozygous if the recurrent parent was completely homozygous,and will remain heterozygous for the loci that were heterozygous in the recurrent parent.

    A "self cross" is the result of a female Cannabis plant pollinating herself, whether by artificial induction or natural hermaphrodite tendencies. A female that has produced seed from its own pollen is said to be the S0 generation and the resulting seeds are the S1 progeny.

    A "full sib" cross is a straight male-female cross between brothers and sisters.

    A "half sib" cross uses sister females and unrelated males.
     
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  5. You have several choices for collecting and using pollen. Males will show as a football-like "ball" on a small, short petiole (stem) at the node sites. Once the pollen pods form, they will elongate via a stem, droop, and the flower bracts will open. After about one week after pollen pods first start to form, or upon complete opening of the male flower bracts, the male anther's will shed pollen which will appear as pale, yellow dust.

    Males do not take much light to survive once they reach flowering stage. Leave your male plant(s) in the grow room until the first male pollen bracts just begin to crack, and then move 'em into another room with a typical 12/12 schedule, this can be simulated with light thru a window or a fluorescent light fixture.

    You have a choice of placing this plant in a very quiet room with no air movement, set on clean paper, or, you can cut the branches off, making a clean slanted cut with a razor blade, and place the branches in a vase of water over paper. Collect the pollen once it begins shedding by placing a glazed ceramic plate or paper plate under the flowers and gently tap the individual branches. Pick out any flowers which tend to drop once in a while.

    The pollen will be like dust, so don't visit the garden until you have taken a bath, or you may end up pollinating plants you didn't intend on pollinating.

    Collect the pollen over time and place it into a clean vial like a film canister. I really like using a paper plate held under a group of flowers, and then gently thumping the stem. After collecting the pollen, the paper plate can be creased, held over a vial, and the sides and edges thumped until all the pollen is shaken into the vial. Shape the paper plate like a creased funnel.

    For a pollen carrier, heat about 2 or 3 teaspoons of flour in an oven set to 180f for 20 minutes or in a small pot set on low heat, let it cool thoroughly, and mix with the pollen to dilute it. I use a ratio of about 1/4 teaspoon pollen to 3 teaspoon flour and have very successful pollination rates. Store in small containers like contact lens cases or film canister, excluding as much air as possible and store in the refrigerator for long term use. Remember, it only takes one male to fertilize one female ovule, and there are millions of pollen cells in a 1/4 teaspoon of pollen so be sure and dilute it.

    Use a small artist brush (my preferred method) or toothpick to pollinate a few of the lower branches which have fresh, white pistils, label the pollinated branches, and harvest your seeds in 3 to 6 weeks. I just cure the seeded branches with the rest of the crop, and tear apart the seeded buds with my fingers. You'll find the seeds close to the stem. Store the seeds in the fridge or freezer, labeled of course, with a little dessicant like silica gel or heat treated (sterilized) rice for long term storage.

     
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  6. Filial Generations....

    We hear the terms F1 and F2 thrown around a fair bit when referrring to cannabis breeding , but what does it really mean ??

    Mendals legacy ...

    Mendels genetics are frequently referred to as mendelian genetics , as gregor mendel discovered the principals of genetics in the mid 1800s , his most famous experiments were done with garden peas ..
    mendel used peas that bred true for particular traits , ie green peas and yellow peas , he crossed a yellow pea plant with green , these two were referred to as the parental generation , abbreviated as the p generation , the fresulting offspring became the first filial generation of f1 genertatoin , these f1 plants were all yellow peas , mendel selfed the f1 plants ... 'selfing ' is when dthe pollen from a flower is used to fertalise the female part of t his same flower , by breeding the f1 generation with itself he produced a second filial generation of f2, mendel found that three quarters of his f2 generation were yellow peas and one quarter were green ..
    These results lead mendel to propose theat each pea plant carried two genes for each trait and a parent could pass only one of its two genes for a given trait to its off spring , he surmised that since the f1 plants wer all yellow , this was a dominant trait and represented it with a capital Y,Green . which reappeared in the f2 generation , was recessive and therefore hidden in the f1 generation and he represented this with lower case y .
    Each trait (eg colour) gets one letter asssigned to it ; this indicates that you have two forms (dominant and recessive )of the same trait and the alternative forms of the gene are called alleles (for example y or Y)
    Mendel used interbreeding of filial generations to isolate and highlight the dominant and recessive action of the particular trait in the is case yellow and green pea seed, without outside genetic influence ..

    SUMMERISING MENDEL.
    The first filial generation are the offspring of a specific outcross mating: this is usually abbreviated to F1.
    The second filial generation (F2) is the offspring of interbreeding the F1 generation , ie brother mated to sister .
    Mate two f2 individuals and you get the third filial generation (F3) and so on .
    Interbreeding the offspring from each succeeding generation brother to sister gives successive filial generations . This helps isolate the desired trait without outside genetic influence ..
     
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  7. Influence of Environment on Sexual Expression in Hemp (1923)
    http://www.jstor.org/stable/2469863?seq=1#page_sca...

    CARBOHYDRATE-NITROGEN RATIOS WITH RESPECT TO THE SEXUAL EXPRESSION OF HEMP (1934) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC439101...



    TIME FACTOR IN UTILIZATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS BY HEMP by Sister Mary Etienne Tibeau (1936)
    http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcg...

    New Billion Dollar Crop (news – 1938) http://www.hempfarm.org/BillionDollarCrop.html



    GROWTH RESPONSES OF HEMP TO DIFFERENTIAL SOIL AND AIR TEMPERATURES. (full – 1944) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC438156...

    Auxin and Sexuality in Cannabis sativa (1st page – 1956) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-...

    Cannabinoid Profile and Elemental Uptake of Cannabis sativa L. as Influenced by Soil Characteristics
    (full - 1975) http://www.votehemp.com/PDF/Cannabinoid_Profile_an...

    Cannabinoid formation in Cannabis sativa grafted inter-racially, and with two Humulus species (abst - 1975) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0...

    CHEMOTAXONOMY OF CANNABIS 1. CROSSBREEDING BETWEEN CANNABIS SATIVA AND C. RUDERALIS, WITH ANALYSIS OF CANNABINOID CONTENT (full - 1978) http://www.cannabase.com/cl/bcga/journals/Beutler1...

    Cannabinoid composition and gland distribution in clone of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)
    (full – 1978) https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/b...

    Influence of photoperiodism on cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. (abst – 1978)
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/248289





    More in "Granny Storm Crow's List" in the "Cultivation" section. To get your free copy, just PM me your email address, or check out the bottom of my sig for my email address.






    Granny

     
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  8. "......early flowering males are<b> BAD </b>because they carry dominant male genetic traits like hermaphroditism and fibre production.
    If you want a faster maturing strain then selectively breed towards that goal using progressively earlier finishing females, <b>NOT </b>males.


    <b>1)</b>Males that autoflower regardless of daylight hours are culled to insure against hermaphroditism or unwanted male traits.

    <b>2) </b>Males that show sex first, flower too quickly or too tall are also eliminated because they put too much energy into fibre production..

    <b>3)</b> Males that have a large hollow main stem rather than more pith filled stems are better THC producers.

    <b>4)</b> Males that produce tight,compact floral clusters rather than sparse airy ones are also usually better to breed with.

    <b>5)</b> If you rub your fingers up and down the stem of a young male and get strong aromas (terpines) then you would be advised to use these as trichome production and flavour are directly related to plants that produce odours early on.


    There are a couple more traits to look for like early trich production in veg but these are quite advanced and need microscope help which is not really relevant for a hobby breeder."



    oh yeah im all over that thank you!!!!

     
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  9. phenotypes and genotypes https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-genotypes-and-phenotypes-what-makes-a-strain-unique
    Two things influence the structural formation of any given cannabis plant: genetics and environment. The plant's genetic makeup, also called a genotype, acts as a blueprint for growth: it allows a spectrum of physical possibilities, but it is up to the environment to induce these characteristics. The physical expression of a genotype is referred to as a phenotype, which is simply defined as the traits that the environment pulls out from the plant's genetic code. Everything from color, shape, smell, and resin production are affected by the environment.
     
  10. #32 Zombie1, Sep 8, 2015
    Last edited by a moderator: Sep 8, 2015
    [​IMG]
     
  11. Zombie you've boxed my reading for the foreseeable future thank you. ...
    Soooo errrr packed lunch... (check ).
    Flask of coffee ..... (check )
    Bag of weed.......... (check )
    Ok ill make a start (sub'd)
     
  12. Does Phenotype mean phenomenon type?
     
  13. Yeah buddy i seen that you had just got done talking about phenotypes Ive been using Leafly too , to compare white rhino to kush i got a single kush seed and was thinking i better save it for after the freezes so i can grow that seed and clone it next year I did plant two of the Rhinos though. Youre getting very technical some good info in here But i want in the other thread the one where the Trees are :)
     
  14. Great stuff mike I remember trying to explain this stuff in the old thread and got ridiculed. Lololol
    Im trying to lock down certain traits in unknown strains to get desired phenotypes. Getting a certain trait say in a 3/4 ratio tells a story about recessive vs dominant traits in unknown genotypes (f1, f2, etc). Not working with ibl is in fact a challenge to say the least which is why I bought blue berry (ibl) to get some males to cross.
     
  15. Phenotype is what you see taste and smell basically influenced by environmental factors. Think of the color purple in cannabis. In most not all the color is present in its genes, its genotype; it has the ability to turn purple. Bit won't always. Now in most or a lot of genotypes a environmental factor has to be reached, usually cold temperatures to trigger the purpling of the plant. This is its phenotype showing. Now to go further all plants have dominant and recessive traits again lets concentrate on color. Most plants have a green dominant and a purple recessive trait. If you bred a purple with a green and all offspring showed green you would know that its green dominant (although all offspring now carry purple recessive) and that its a f1 or ibl. Every chromosome carries two genes one from each parent. And in this case a green and a purple are present, since the green was dominant it would be shown as a large letter G (green) and small p (purple)....Gp.
    All it takes is one dominant gene to be present to show G so the genes could be GG Gp or pG and thry will be green. Only a double recessive gene will show up as purple (pp) so if any purple showed up you would then know its a f2 or later.
     
  16. Ok then Im saying " its also known as the "Pheneomon" when things happen in such a way that the rsults are just awesome :D
     
  17. Good page...ill be up in here...
     
  18. Nice thread Z!
     

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