This long study covers a lot of area- clues for sexing plants, hermies, chemicals for making feminized seeds and more! I've broken up the abstract into smaller chunks for easier reading. Cannabis sativa: Dioecious into Monoecious Plants influencing Sex Determination. (India/ Brazil/ Iran/ South Africa) (full – 2023) https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/volume-8-issue-7/82-91.pdf Abstract: This review paper highlights about sex determination and conversion of dioecious into monoecious plants by applying exogenous growth regulators or chemicals. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is a dioecious plant, producing male and female flowers on separate unisexual individuals. Although both male and female plants are capable of producing cannabinoids in equal concentrations, female plants produce greater floral biomass than male plants and thus are exclusively used in commercial Medical Cannabis sativa (drug or marijuana) production facilities. In commercial production, marijuana plants are all genetically unfertilized female plants and, male plants are destroyed as seed formation reduces flower quality. One male Cannabis plant can ruin the entire female plant crop due to uncontrolled pollination and crop is designated as contaminated. Moreover, after pollination, female plants alter their relative investment in phytochemicals by reducing the production of secondary metabolites like cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Therefore, early diagnosis of sex is very important to both breeders and farmers for Cannabis crop improvement or production purposes. Cannabis sex determination could be modified by applying exogenous growth regulators or chemicals, which can influence the ratio of endogenous hormones and hence the incidence of sex organs. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate (AgNO3) or silver thiosulfate (Ag2S2O3; STS) have been found to have masculine effects in many plant species including Cannabis. A gap in the literature highlighting Cannabis sex determination has been updated in this review paper. Granny
Conclusion Cannabis sativa L. (hemp, or marijuana) produces male and female inflorescences on different plants (dioecious). Therefore the Cannabis plants are obligatory out-crossers. In commercial production, marijuana plants are all genetically female. Male plants are destroyed as seed formation reduces flower quality. Spontaneously occurring hermaphroditic inflorescences, in which pistillate flowers are accompanied by formation of anthers, leads to undesired seed formation, the mechanism for this is poorly understood. One male plant can ruin the entire female plant crop due to uncontrolled pollination and crop is designated ascontaminated. Therefore, early diagnosis of sex is very important to both breeders and farmers for Cannabis crop improvement or production purposes. Over the last few years, a renewed interest in Cannabis sativa and its products has occurred worldwide due to the easing of legislation. The more recognised active ingredients are the psychoactive, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and the therapeutic Cannabidiol (CBD). The legal status of Cannabis is changing, fuelling an increasing diversity of Cannabis derived products. Medical Cannabis sativa (Marijuana-type)’ lineages are used for human consumption (recreational and medical), while the Industrial Cannabis sativa ‘hemp’ lineages are used in industry settings for fibre or oil extraction. Cannabis sativa L. is grown and marketed under a large number of named strains. Strains are often associated with phenotypic traits of interest to consumers, such as aroma and cannabinoid content. Manipulation of sex expression is of paramount importance in breeding medical Cannabis, since only genetically and phenotypically, unfertilized female plants are used in commercial cultivation. Cannabis sex determination could be modified by applying exogenous growth regulators or chemicals, which can influence the ratio of endogenous hormones and hence the incidence of sex organs. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate (AgNO3) or silver thiosulfate (Ag2S2O3; STS) have been found to have masculine effects in many plant species including Cannabis. This review paper has updated the sex determination and also highlights about the conversion of dioecious species that can produce monoecious Cannabis plants. Thank You, Granny I've been waiting for this cheers