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Pyrethrin
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Pyrethrin - Wikipedia


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Chemical structure of some pyrethrins: pyrethrin I (R = CH3), pyrethrin II (R = CO2CH3)

The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. Pyrethrin naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers and is often considered an organic insecticide when it is not combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic adjuvants.[1] Their insecticidal and insect-repellent properties have been known and used for thousands of years.

Pyrethrins are gradually replacing organophosphates and organochlorides as the pesticides of choice as the latter compounds have been shown to have significant and persistent toxic effects to humans.

Contents

• 1Chemistry
• 2History
• 3Biosynthesis
• 4Production
• 5Use as an insecticide
• 6Toxicity
  • 6.1Chronic pyrethrin toxicity in humans
  • 6.2Pyrethrum toxicity
• 7Environmental effects
  • 7.1Aquatic habitats
  • 7.2Bees
• 8References
• 9External links

Chemistry[edit]
Physical and chemical properties of some pyrethrins.
Group Pyrethrin I Pyrethrin II
Chemical compound Pyrethrin I[2][3] Cinerin I[4][3] Jasmolin I[5] Pyrethrin II[6][3] Cinerin II[7][3] Jasmolin II[8]
Chemical structure
Chemical formula C21H28O3 C20H28O3 C21H30O3 C22H28O5 C21H28O5 C22H30O5
Molecular mass (g/mol) 328.4 316.4 330.5 372.5 360.4 374.5
Boiling point (°C) 170 137 ? 200 183 ?
Vapor pressure (mmHg) 2.03 x 10−5 1.13 x 10−6 ? 3.98 x 10−7 4.59 x 10−7 ?
Solubility in water (mg/L) 0.2 0.085 ? 9.0 0.03 ?
History[edit]
The pyrethrins occur in the seed cases of the perennial plant pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium), which has long been grown commercially to supply the insecticide. Pyrethrins have been used as an insecticide for thousands of years. It is believed that the Chinese crushed chrysanthemum plants and used the powder as an insecticide as early as 1000 BC. It was widely known that the Chou Dynasty in China widely used pyrethrin for its insecticide properties.[9] For centuries, crushed Chrysanthemum flowers have been used in Iran to produce Persian Powder, an insecticide for household use. Pyrethrins were identified as the potent chemical in the Chrysanthemum plants responsible for the insecticidal properties in the crushed flowers around 1800 in Asia. In the Napoleonic Wars, French soldiers used the flowers to keep away fleas and body lice.[9][dubious – discuss]

Biosynthesis[edit]

Cyclopropanation reaction producing chrysanthemyl diphosphate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chrysanthemic acid
Well after their use as insecticides began, their chemical structures were determined by Hermann Staudinger and Lavoslav Ružička in 1924.[10] Pyrethrin I (CnH28O3) and pyrethrin II (CnH28O5) are structurally related esters with a cyclopropane core. Pyrethrin I is a derivative of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid.[11][12] Pyrethrin II is closely related, but one methyl group is oxidized to a carboxymethyl group, the resulting core being called pyrethric acid. Knowledge of their structures opened the way for the production of synthetic analogues, which are called pyrethroids. Pyrethrins are classified as terpenoids. The key step in the biosynthesis of the naturally occurring pyrethrins involves two molecules of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, which join to form a cyclopropane ring by the action of the enzyme chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase.[13]

Production[edit]

Tanacetum cinerariifolium also called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum
Commercial pyrethrin production mainly takes place in mountainous equatorial zones. The commercial cultivation of the Dalmatian chrysanthemum (C. cinerariifolium) takes place at an altitude of 1600 to 3000 meters[14] above sea level.[15] This is done because pyrethrin concentration has been shown to increase as elevation increases to this level. Growing these plants does not require much water because semiarid conditions and a cool winter deliver optimal pyrethrin production. The Persian chrysanthemum C. coccineum also produces pyrethrins but at a much lower level. Both may be planted in low-altitude zones in dry soil, but the pyrethrin level is lower.[14]

Most of the world's supply of pyrethrin and C. cinerariaefolium comes from Kenya, which produces the most potent flowers. Other countries include Croatia (in Dalmatia) and Japan. The flower was first introduced into Kenya and the highlands of Eastern Africa during the late 1920s. Since the 2000s, Kenya has produced about 70% of the world's supply of pyrethrum.[16] A substantial amount of the flowers is cultivated by small-scale farmers who depend on it as a source of income. It is a major source of export income for Kenya and source of over 3,500 additional jobs. About 23,000 tons were harvested in 1975. The active ingredients are extracted with organic solvents to give a concentrate containing the six types of pyrethrins: pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmolin I, and jasmolin II.[17]

Processing the flowers to cultivate the pyrethrin is often a lengthy process, and one that varies from area to area. For instance, in Japan, the flowers are hung upside down to dry which increases pyrethrin concentration slightly.[14] To process pyrethrin, the flowers must be crushed. The degree to which the flower is crushed has an effect on both the longevity of the pyrethrin usage and the quality. The finer powder produced is better suited for use as an insecticide than the more coarsely crushed flowers. However, the more coarsely crushed flowers have a longer shelf life and deteriorate less.[14]

Use as an insecticide[edit]
Pyrethrin is most commonly used as an insecticide and has been used for this purpose since the 1900s.[17] In the 1800s, it was known as "Persian powder", "Persian pellitory", and "zacherlin". Pyrethrins delay the closure of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells of insects, resulting in repeated and extended nerve firings. This hyperexcitation causes the death of the insect due to loss of motor coordination and paralysis.[18] Resistance to pyrethrin has been bypassed by pairing the insecticide with synthetic synergists such as piperonyl butoxide. Together, these two compounds prevent detoxification in the insect, ensuring insect death.[19] Synergists make pyrethrin more effective, allowing lower doses to be effective. Pyrethrins are effective insecticides because they selectively target insects rather than mammals due to higher insect nerve sensitivity, smaller insect body size, lower mammalian skin absorption, and more efficient mammalian hepatic metabolism.[20]

Although pyrethrin is a potent insecticide, it also functions as an insect repellent at lower concentrations. Observations in food establishments demonstrate that flies are not immediately killed, but are found more often on windowsills or near doorways. This suggests, due to the low dosage applied, that insects are driven to leave the area before dying.[21] Because of their insecticide and insect repellent effect, pyrethrins have been very successful in reducing insect pest populations that affect humans, crops, livestock, and pets, such as ants, spiders, and lice, as well as potentially disease-carrying mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks.

As pyrethrins and pyrethroids are increasingly being used as insecticides, the number of illnesses and injuries associated with exposure to these chemicals is also increasing.[22] However, few cases leading to serious health effects or mortality in humans have occurred, which is why pyrethroids are labeled "low-toxicity" chemicals and are ubiquitous in home-care products.[20] Pyrethrins are widely regarded as better for the environment, and can be harmless if used only in the field with localized sprays, as UV exposure breaks them down into harmless compounds. Additionally, they have little lasting effect on plants, degrading naturally or being degraded by the cooking process.[23]

Specific pest species that have been successfully controlled by pyrethrum include: potato, beet, grape, and six-spotted leafhopper, cabbage looper, celery leaf tier, Say's stink bug, twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, lygus bugs on peaches, grape and flower thrips, and cranberry fruitworm.[24]

Toxicity[edit]
Pyrethrins are among the safest insecticides on the market due to their rapid degradation in the environment.

Similarities between the chemistry of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids include a similar mode of action and almost identical toxicity to insects (i.e., both pyrethrins and pyrethroids induce a toxic effect within the insect by acting on sodium channels).[25]

Some differences in the chemistry between pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids have the result that synthetic pyrethroids have relatively longer environmental persistence than do pyrethrins. Pyrethrins have shorter environmental persistence than synthetic pyrethroids because their chemical structure is more susceptible to the presence of UV light and changes in pH.[citation needed]

The use of pyrethrin in products such as natural insecticides and pet shampoos[why?] increases the likelihood of toxicity in mammals that are exposed. Medical cases have emerged showing fatalities from the use of pyrethrin, prompting many organic farmers to cease use. One fatal case of an 11-year-old girl with a known asthmatic condition and who used shampoo containing only a small amount (0.2% pyrethrin) to wash her dog was documented.[26]

Chronic pyrethrin toxicity in humans[edit]
Chronic toxicity in humans occurs most quickly through respiration into the lungs, or more slowly through absorption through the skin.[27] Allergic reactions may occur after exposure, leading to itching and irritated skin as well as burning sensations.[28] These types of reactions are rare because the allergenic component of pyrethrin in semi-synthetic pyrethroids has been removed.[29] The metabolite compounds of pyrethrin are less toxic to mammals than their originators, and compounds are either broken down in the liver or gastrointestinal tract, or excreted through feces; no evidence of storage in tissues has been found[citation needed].

Pyrethrum toxicity[edit]
Exposure to pyrethrum, the crude form of pyrethrin,[29] causes harmful health effects for mammals. Pyrethrum also has an allergenic effect that commercial pyrethroids don't have.[29] In mammals, toxic exposure to pyrethrum can lead to tongue and lip numbness, drooling, lethargy, muscle tremors, respiratory failure, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, paralysis, and death.[27] Exposure to pyrethrum in high levels in humans may cause symptoms such as asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness, headache, nausea, loss of coordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing, and swelling.[30][unreliable source?] A possibility of damage to the immune system exists that leads to a worsening of allergies following toxicity.[27] Infants are unable to resourcefully break down pyrethrum due to the ease of skin penetration, causing similar symptoms as adults, but with an increased risk of death.[31]

Environmental effects[edit]
Aquatic habitats[edit]
In aquatic settings, toxicity of pyrethrin fluctuates, increasing with rising temperatures, water, and acidity. Run-off after application has become a concern for sediment-dwelling aquatic organisms because pyrethroids can accumulate in these areas.[32] Aquatic life is extremely susceptible to pyrethrin toxicity, and has been documented in species such as the lake trout. Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading to a toxic accumulation of byproducts.[27] To combat the accumulation of pyrethroids in bodies of water, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has introduced two labeling initiatives. The Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid and Synergized Pyrethrins Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products was revised in 2013 to reduce runoff into bodies of water after use in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial areas.[33] The Pyrethroid Spray Drift Initiative updated language for labeling all pyrethroid products to be used on agricultural crops.[33] Because of its high toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates even at low doses, the EPA recommends alternatives such as pesticide-free methods or alternative chemicals that are less harmful to the surrounding aquatic environment.[34]

Bees[edit]
Pyrethrins are applied broadly as nonspecific insecticides. Bees have been shown to be particularly sensitive to pyrethrin, with fatal doses as small as 0.02 micrograms.[1] Due to this sensitivity and pollinator decline, pyrethrins are recommended to be applied at night to avoid typical pollinating hours, and in liquid rather than dust form.[35]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b Mader, Eric, and Nancy Lee Adamson. "Organic-Approved Pesticides."Organic-Approved Pesticides (n.d.): n. pag. The Xerxes Society. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. <http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/xerces-organic-approved-pesticides-factsheet.pdf>
2. ^ CID 5281045 from PubChem
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Pohanish, Richard P. (2015-01-01), Pohanish, Richard P. (ed.), "P", Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals (Second Edition), Oxford: William Andrew Publishing, pp. 629–724, ISBN 978-1-4557-3148-0, retrieved 2022-01-12
4. ^ PubChem. "Cinerin I". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
5. ^ CID 12304687 from PubChem
6. ^ PubChem. "Pyrethrin II". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
7. ^ CID 5281548 from PubChem
8. ^ CID 12304690 from PubChem
9. ^ Jump up to:a b "History."[dubious – discuss] Pyrethrum Nature's Insecticide. MGK, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
10. ^ Staudinger, H.; Ruzicka, L. (1924). "Insektentötende Stoffe I. Über Isolierung und Konstitution des wirksamen Teiles des dalmatinischen Insektenpulvers" [Insecticidal substances I. About the isolation and structure of the active part of the Dalmatian insect powder]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 7 (1): 177–201. doi:10.1002/hlca.19240070124.
11. ^ Merck Index (11th ed.). p. 7978.[full citation needed]
12. ^ Townsend, Michael. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12. p. 99.[full citation needed]
13. ^ Rivera, S. B.; Swedlund, B. D.; King, G. J.; Bell, R. N.; Hussey, C. E.; Shattuck-Eidens, D. M.; Wrobel, W. M.; Peiser, G. D.; Poulter, C. D. (2001). "Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase: Isolation of the gene and characterization of the recombinant non-head-to-tail monoterpene synthase from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (8): 4373–8. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.4373R. doi:10.1073/pnas.071543598. JSTOR 3055437. PMC 31842. PMID 11287653.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "HOME PRODUCTION OF PYRETHRUM." Home Production of Pyrethrum. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
15. ^ Anonym. 1987 (March). Pepping up pesticides naturally. Organic Gardening, 34(3):8.
16. ^ Wainaina, Job M. G. (1995). "Pyrethrum Flowers -- Production in Africa". In Casida, John E.; Quistad, Gary B. (eds.). Pyrethrum Flowers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508210-9.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b Metcalf, Robert L. (2000). "Insect Control". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_263. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
18. ^ "Pyrethrins General Fact Sheet." National Pesticide Information Center (n.d.): n. pag. Nov. 2014. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/pyrethrins.pdf>
19. ^ "Pyrethrin." Asktheexterminator.com. Ask the Exterminator, 2011. Web. 2 Apr. 2015. <http://www.asktheexterminator.com/Pesticide/Pyrethrin.shtml>
20. ^ Jump up to:a b Bradberry, S. M.; Cage, S. A.; Proudfoot, A. T.; Vale, J. A. (2005). "Poisoning due to pyrethroids". Toxicological Reviews. 24 (2): 93–106. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524020-00003. PMID 16180929. S2CID 32523158.
21. ^ Todd, G Daniel, David Wohlers, and Mario Citra. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids." ATSDR. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Sept. 2001. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp155.pdf>
22. ^ Power, Laura E.; Sudakin, Daniel L. (2007). "Pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures in the United States: A longitudinal analysis of incidents reported to poison centers". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 3 (3): 94–9. doi:10.1007/BF03160917. PMC 3550062. PMID 18072143.
23. ^ Vettorazzi, G. (1979). International Regulatory Aspects for Pesticide Chemicals. CRC Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9780849356070.
24. ^ Caldwell, Brian, Eric Sideman, Abby Seaman, Anthony Shelton, and Christine Smart. "Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management." (n.d.): n. pag. Cornell University, 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/r...for-organic-insect-and-disease-management.pdf>
25. ^ MATSUO, Noritada (2019-07-31). "Discovery and development of pyrethroid insecticides". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences. 95 (7): 378–400. Bibcode:2019PJAB...95..378M. doi:10.2183/pjab.95.027. ISSN 0386-2208. PMC 6766454. PMID 31406060.
26. ^ Wagner, S. L. (2000). "Fatal asthma in a child after use of an animal shampoo containing pyrethrin". The Western Journal of Medicine. 173 (2): 86–7. doi:10.1136/ewjm.173.2.86. PMC 1071005. PMID 10924422.
27. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Pyrethrins". Extension Toxicology Network. 1996.
28. ^ Aldridge, W. N. (1990). "An Assessment of the Toxicological Properties of Pyrethroids and Their Neurotoxicity". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 21 (2): 89–104. doi:10.3109/10408449009089874. PMID 2083034.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Review of the Relationship between Pyrethrins, Pyrethroid Exposure and Asthma and Allergies". US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Sep 2009.
30. ^ Occupational Health Services, Inc. "Pyrethrum." Material Safety Data Sheet. 1 April 1987. New York: OHS, Inc.
31. ^ "Public Health Statement for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids". Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Sep 2003.
32. ^ "Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins". EPA. Dec 2013.
33. ^ Jump up to:a b "Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products". EPA. Feb 2013.
34. ^ "Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, Dec. 2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html#eco>

 

Photograph the under side of the leafs

 

I don't see any insects ...

 

I think you will need up to 100x magnification to see broad/russet mites. They're very small suckers.

 

Broad Mites & Cannabis - How to Identify & Get Rid of It Quickly! (growweedeasy.com)
Broad Mites

by Nebula Haze

Broad mites on your cannabis plants are so tiny they are practically impossible to spot with the naked eye, and can even be difficult to see under a microscope.

Broad Mite Symptoms:

• Bugs are so small they are difficult to see without magnification
• Under a microscope, you can see that they have 6 legs when young, and 8 legs as adults
• Symptoms are often confused for heat stress, overwatering, a pH imbalance, or root problems
• New growth may be twisted or drooping
• Leaves may be, blistered or “wet” looking
• Leaves may be turned up at the edges
• Broad mites don’t attack all parts of the plant evenly; symptoms are worse in certain spots where the infestation is concentrated
• In the flowering stage, buds may become sickly and die

With broad mites, the new growth may be twisted, blistered and “wet” looking. If your plant is flowering the buds may turn brown and die. These broad mite damage pics were taken by Hosttrevor (thank you!).



Sometimes one of the main symptoms is the newest growth is coming in twisted



Edges may turn up as if the plant is suffering from heat stress, but with broad the leaves take on a glossy, almost plastic-like appearance. Eventually affected leaves turn yellow or bronze and die.



The main way to spot an infestation is the damage they leave behind because usually the mites themselves are too small to see. They like to hang out inside inside your plants, where they can live and lay eggs without you seeing them.

Sometimes the symptoms can be confused for tobacco mosaic virus. Leaf symptoms from broad mites are also commonly misdiagnosed as overwatering, a nutrient deficiency or heat damage.

One of the biggest reasons broad mites can be so difficult to diagnose is you rarely see any signs of bugs, and you don’t see bites on the leaves. For many people, they don’t even realize a bug infestation is happening.



Sometimes top leaves droop. In this pic you can see that part of the droopy leaves are getting that blistered, wet appearance from broad mites.



The following marijuana plant has been treated for broad mites and is starting to recover. You can see the newest growth looks matte and healthy, while the damaged leaves from before still look glossy and blistered.



It’s great if your plant is starting to look healthy again, but even if your plant appears to be recovering, don’t stop on weekly treatments for at least a few weeks. The broad mites could still be there waiting to take over the plant again! They are the masters of hiding and waiting.

Unfortunately, broad mites are probably one of the hardest marijuana pests to get rid of. They lay their eggs inside the plant which makes it very difficult to kill their eggs!



Solution: How to Get Rid of Broad Mites On Cannabis
Once you’ve actually identified that you have broad mites, it’s time to get rid of them! When it comes to broad mites, a lot of the “standard” miticides are not as effective and you’ll notice these particular mites aren’t listed on the labels.

Broad mites can be one of the toughest marijuana pests to get rid of, but it can be done if you stay vigilant.

• Immediately and carefully remove infected parts of the plant – if there’s already an infestation in the tissue, you likely won’t be able to save those particular leaves/buds. Your main goal is to stop the infestation from spreading.
• Treat often – You may have to treat several times a week or even daily if you have a terrible infestation that won’t go away. This can be very difficult on your plants.
• Spray Before Lights Go Out – Whenever treating plants with a spray, do it before the lights go off so that your plant is less likely to get burned.
• Read Instructions – Make sure to read the full instructions of each bottle and follow them when treating your plants. You will save yourself a lot of big headaches.
• Repeat treatments weekly for 5 more weeks after mites are gone – After you think broad mites are completely gone, don’t stop. Treat your plant with a different treatment at least once a week for 5 additional weeks. If you don’t completely eradicate them they’ll come back with a vengeance and can be even more resistant to whatever you throw at them.

Here’s a Detailed Step-by-Step:

1.) Dispose of known infected plant matter

The parts of the plant that are already infested should be carefully removed and discarded of if possible. This will dramatically reduce the bug numbers, and help save the rest of your plant.

2.) Neem Oil

Neem Oil will leave an unpleasant taste/smell on buds when used to treat flowering plants, so don’t let this stuff get near your buds. There’s also some evidence Neem oil may be harmful to humans so use with care. That being said, Neem oil is an all-natural remedy that is very effective against many different types of bugs and mold, including broad mites.

Neem oil can be rough on your plants so you don’t want to use it more often than you have to because your plants may suffer. However, if you get desperate treating plants daily with Neem oil can be effective at killing broad mites when nothing seems to be working.

You will need a mister (also called a “One-Hand Pressure Sprayer”) to spray all the leaves evenly since neem oil and water can separate easily. A mister helps you get full and even coverage on all parts of the plant.





3.) Essentria IC3

Essentria IC3 Insecticide is a mix of various horticultural oils that is organic and safe for humans. It is often marketed as a “bed bug killer” but it can be effective against broad mites when the plants are treated regularly. Unfortunately, it only stays effective on the plant for about 8 hours so you will want to either apply this daily or combine with other options. Foolow the directions carefully. You will need a mister (also called a “One-Hand Pressure Sprayer”) to spray all the leaves evenly.





4.) Insecticidal soaps

Fatty acid salts or insecticidal soaps can help against broad mites. They weaken the outer shell of broad mites but are safe to use on your plants and they don’t leave much of a residue which could kill beneficial bugs in your garden.

With soaps, just like horticultural oils, coverage is very important as it does not stay on your plant for long, so follow-up applications may be necessary. Although this is considered safe, avoid getting any on your buds because it can affect the taste or small.

This probably won’t get rid of broad mites on its own, but it is less harsh on your plants than some of the other options and so it can be a great way to supplement the other treatments you’re doing by bringing down their numbers.



5.) Avid

Avid miticide is strong stuff with harsh chemicals and is incredibly expensive, but it can sometimes do the job when nothing else is working. This is a systemic insecticide, which means it works by infiltrating the inside of plant tissue and killing bugs that way. Because of that, it should NOT be used in the flowering stage (you don’t want this stuff inside your buds). However, many growers report that this is the only thing that consistently works for them. Always use Avid as directed and only as a last resort. You will need a mister (also called a “One-Hand Pressure Sprayer”) to spray all the leaves evenly.

Don’t use this product more than once or twice in a row or your mites may become resistant. This should stay in your plant’s system for several weeks so this is only really suitable for young plants. If you’re going to be using systemic insecticides, switch back and forth between this and another one like Forbid. Make sure to follow the instructions.





6.) Forbid

Forbid miticide is sort of like Avid in that it is made of strong stuff with harsh chemicals and is also expensive. This is a systemic insecticide, which means it works by infiltrating the inside of plant tissue and killing bugs that way. Because of that it should only be used several weeks before the beginning of the flowering stage (you don’t want this stuff inside your buds and it can stay in the plant for weeks). However, many growers report that this can be the only thing that consistently works for them. Always use Forbid as directed and only as a last resort!. You will need a mister (also called a “One-Hand Pressure Sprayer”) to spray all the leaves evenly.

Don’t use this product more than once or twice in a row or your mites may become resistant. This should stay in your plant’s system for several weeks. If you’re going to be using systemic insecticides, switch back and forth between this and another one like Avid. Make sure to follow the instructions.





7.) Diatomaceous Earth

Diatomaceous Earth is basically fossil dust that can be sprinkled on the top of your soil, and anywhere else in your room (window sills, doorways, etc). This powder-like substance is harmless to mammals and plants but is incredibly sharp at the microscopic level. Therefore it will tear and dehydrate broad mites on physical contact. This will not get rid of an infestation but can help prevent, control, and slow things down when used effectively. When it comes to broad mites, you want to use every tool you can.



8.) Heat

Broad mites don’t like the heat above 90°F (32°C). Some growers will try to get rid of them by on small plants or clones by dunking the plants in hot water (105°F / 40°C) for 10-20 minutes. I’ve also heard of growers try to reduce their number by overheating the grow space to 115°F (46°C) for an hour. Be careful as this can be dangerous if you don’t take safety precautions, and any heat method strong enough to kill the mites will likely hurt your plants.

9.) Predatory Mites

Some types of predatory mites, like Neoseiulus type mites, love to eat broad mites. Supplementing your garden with extra predators can help bring down broad mite numbers. However, it’s not enough to fix the problem on their own and unfortunately, a lot of the other remedies on this page will also kill predatory mites.

If you don’t want to use pesticides, or want some extra help, get predatory mites to help eat all your broad mites.





10.) AgroMagen

I’m not personally familiar with this product but I’ve heard it’s effective against broad mites. Given how tough this pest can be to get rid of, I wanted to make sure I included every possible option. From what I understand you will need to spray more than once and this is best combined with at least one other treatment.

AgroMagen claims to be effective against broad mites

 

I don't know about spinosad.

I have knocked down active russet mite infestation with multiple applications of things like Flying Skull Nukem and Amazing Doctor Zymes Eliminator. Which might not be bad using them as part of an IPM practice, regardless.

 

what is the soil mix and what are you feeding?

 

I don't know the incubation period of a broad mite is.
But at a certain point you will get a infestation and then you will see the adult insects'
Its not going to hurt to spray for insects at this time anyway ..
Sticky traps help too

 

Anyone else leaning more to issue being hot soil vs bugs?

 

Buy a kids microscope and look for insects .Jewelers loupe 60x plus magnification
Sticky traps help if the bugs are coming from your grow medium .
Pretty sure pyrethrin is sold globally/internationally. trust me your local bug exterminator has it.
Just make sure its only pyrethrin not pyrethroid.