cannibus grow bible

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THE CANNABIS GROW BIBLE
© Copyright 2001, Greg Green
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission
from the author.
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The Cannabis Grow Bible
4th edition
By
Greg Green
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Acknowledgements
My thanks to my family and friends
for making this book possible. This
book is dedicated to growers all over
the world. I would also like to say
thank you to the members of
www.cannabisX.com and
www.overgrow.com with a really
big thank you going out to X,
~shabang~, The Penguin,
Kryptonite, Strawdog, Slowhand,
Chimera, BushyOlderGrower,
Ralpheme, RealHigh, Clone,
cannabisX and Vic High.
This is a book about growing
cannabis, written by people who
grow cannabis.
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DO YOU WANT TO LEARN HOW TO
GROW POT LIKE THIS?
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Picture by BushyOlderGrower.
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OR MAKE HASH LIKE THIS?
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Picture by BigIslandBud.
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THEN CONGRATULATIONS BECAUSE YOU HAVE BOUGHT THE
RIGHT BOOK!
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PREFACE
This book has been written under adverse conditions. In most
countries it is illegal to own seeds, grow cannabis or use cannabis.
Maybe it will change for you one day if you make the effort to have
your voice heard. Until that day comes it is recommended that you
consult your local authorities to see what is your countries legal status
with regards to growing cannabis. This book does not want you to
break the law nor is it here for that purpose. This book is about
cannabis and how it is grown around the world. Even though the
contents of this book may show you how to acquire seeds and grow
very potent plants, you are responsible for your own actions. We would
like to see you grow cannabis however we would not like to see you
break the law.
I would also like to say that many countries have permitted
medical users to grow cannabis in their home. If they have in your
country then this book will be of massive benefit to you and your
health.
The Cannabis Grow Bible is part of a foundation series and is
a developing project. We listen too and talk with 100's of growers
every single year. It is with their advice that we can offer you the latest
updates on growing techniques and strains.
The Cannabis Grow Bible is an information system. We hope
that you stick with us and learn more about how to grow BIGGER
BUD!
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
FOREWORD
Chapter 1 :
THE CANNABIS PLANT: A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANNABIS
AND THE BASICS OF USING CANNABIS.
-HOW CANNABIS IS USED
-SPECIES
-THC
-ZERO ZERO
-RESIN
-THE HIGH
Chapter 2 :
SEEDS
- SEEDS
- HOW TO GET SEEDS
- CHOOSING A SEED-BANK
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN CHOOSING SEEDS
- GROWING FACTORS
- THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MARIJUANA PLANT
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- FLOWERING NON-POLLINATED FEMALES (SINSEMILLA
CROP)
- CYCLE TIMES
Chapter 3 :
PROPAGATION
-WAYS TO GERMINATE YOUR SEEDS
-DANGERS WHEN PROPAGATING SEEDS
-TRANSPLANTING
-GERMINATION SOIL
-INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GROWING
-GENERAL INDOOR GROWING
-GENERAL OUTDOOR GROWING AND GUERRILLA FARMING
-GARDENING TOOLS
-MALE POTENCY
-SCUFFING SEEDS
Chapter 4 :
SECURITY
-SECURITY
-INDOOR SECURITY
-OUTDOOR SECURITY
-GUERRILLA GROWING SECURITY
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Chapter 5 :
THE INDOOR GROWING OF CANNABIS
-LIGHTS
-LIGHT BANDS
-POOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS
-AVERAGE LIGHTING SYSTEMS
-BEST LIGHTING SYSTEMS
-HORTICULTURAL LIGHTS - HID
-WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN BUYING A LIGHT
-WATTAGE AND LUMENS
-LUMENS AND MARIJUANA GROWING
-LIGHTING FACTORS AND HOW TO GET THE MOST FROM
YOUR LIGHT
-SOIL
-pH
-NUTRIENTS
-SOME COMMON SOIL TYPES
-POTS
-CONTINUING YOUR INDOOR SOIL GROW
-INDOOR VEGETATIVE GROWTH
-WATERING
-ADJUSTING YOU LIGHTS
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Chapter 6 :
THE BASICS OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
-SOIL CONTROL
-ph CONTROL
-SOIL FLUSHING
-NUTRIENT CONTROL
-FEEDING
-AIR
-HUMIDITY
-TEMPERATURE
-FANS
Chapter 7 :
PRE-FLOWERING AND FLOWERING
-THE END OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH
-PRE-FLOWERING
-EARLY SEXING METHODS
-WHEN TO FLOWER
-THE ALL IMPORTANT 12/12
-PROBLEMS WITH 12/12
-HOW TO SEX YOUR PLANTS
-HERMAPHRODITES
-FLOWERING
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Chapter 8 :
ADVANCED INDOOR SOIL
BASED GROW METHODS
-SOG
-ScrOG
-CABINET GROWING
-ADVANCED SET-UPS
-PERPETUAL GROW CYCLE
Chapter 9 :
BASIC HYDROPONICS
- THE GROWER AND THE GROWING MEDIUM
- HYDROPONICS SET-UPS
-HYDROPONICS NUTRIENTS
-HYDROPONICS GROWING MEDIUMS
-CANNABIS AND HYDROPONICS
-THE BUBBLER
Chapter 10 :
OUTDOOR GROWING
-THE GROWER AND THE GREAT OUTDOORS
-CARING FOR OUTDOOR PLANTS
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Chapter 11 :
THE BASICS OF PLANT CARE
-THINNING
-LIGHT BENDING
-PRUNING
-BUSHES
-TRAINING
-INCREASING YIELD
Chapter 12 :
PREDATORS AND PESTS
-INDEX OF PESTS
-CLEANING THE GROW ROOM
Chapter 13 :
PROBLEM SOLVER
- PLANT PROBLEMS AND HOW TO SOLVE THEM
- POT-BOUND AND ROOT-BOUND
-LOCKOUT
-BAD GENETICS
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Chapter 14:
HARVESTING AND CURING YOUR BUD
- INDICA HARVEST
-SATIVA HARVEST
-FAN LEAVES, LEAVES AND TRIM
-CURING
Chapter 15:
BREEDING
- MAKING SEEDS
-POLLEN
-SIMPLE BREEDING
-HOW TO CONTINUE A STRAIN THROUGH SEED
-HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE HYBRID
-AN INTRODUCTION INTO BASIC GENETICS
-GENE PAIRS
-DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
-MODIFYING GENES
-PARTIAL DOMINANCE
-HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
-THE TEST CROSS
-HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM PART 2
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-HOW TO TRUE BREED A STRAIN
-CUBING AND BACKCROSSING
-SELFING
Chapter 16:
STRAIN INDEX
Chapter 17:
HOW TO MAKE HASH
- HOW TO GATHER THE STALKED CAPITATE TRICHOMES
-SKUFF
-BASICS OF SCREENING
-PROPER SCREENING METHODS
-HOW TO PRESS SKUFF INTO HASH
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
INDEX
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FOREWORD
The book is a grow bible. There is still much work that needs
to be done to provide something that is truly of bible size, but that will
come in time. The reason why I know this is because cannabis
suppression has suspended cannabis information gathering over the
past 60 years. I can safely say that you can find books on Roses that are
10 times thicker than this book with heaps more information. Roses
are not illegal in most countries, so scientists are free to explore the
Rose. Sadly the same can not be said for cannabis......until now.
The Cannabis Grow Bible (CGB for short) is new. New, in
that the book is one of a kind. Those who are willing to take serious
risks in getting you this information have discovered most of what you
will read and learn here. It is fine and easy for me to compile the book
and write it. I am not at risk by printing this book, but those who grew
out hundreds of plants in their basement to provide me with raw data
on this subject matter are at risk. It is with their help that they have
been able to help me parse what is real and what is not in the world of
growing cannabis. They have helped take facts and figures and use
these to put together a book that would truly help someone grow bigger
buds. The results have been outstanding and I am very thankful for
what they have done.
In this book you will learn a number of things. Probably too
many to remember all in one go if this is your first time growing. That
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is why I have broken the book into easy step by step portions. The book
runs from start to finish just like a growing plant would. So you can
imagine the life cycle of the cannabis plant being the foundation for
the style and layout of this book. This is what makes the book work. It
is part essay / part science. Too many books do not cover the science
very well and others do not cover the practical side very well. Here you
will meet both worlds as one.
There are some simple things you need to grow a cannabis
plant and this book will explain all those things to you, but there are
other things you need to know to grow a super cannabis plant and this
is where the book helps too, but it does not cross the two elements over
which can sometimes confuse the reader. The book will clearly define
what you can or can not do, but most of the time this has nothing to do
with your growing experience. It has more to do with how much
money you are willing to spend, what cannabis strains you have, and
where you are growing.
A grower is not limited by their growing experience. A
grower is limited by law, space, money, information and good
genetics. We can not help you with money, space and the law, but we
can help you with growing information and we can tell you where to
obtain good genetics.
Don't ever let bad results hamper your new hobby. That is
part of the process of learning. However, this book will point out some
mistakes that people have made so you don't have to repeat them and
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learn the hard way.
Glance over this book and flick through the chapters. Get an
air of what is going on. Then read it all from start to finish. By the
time you turn the last page you will probably have a bit of your own
home grown bud in a pipe. If you can do that then tell people about
this book. It is our goal to get everyone participating in growing the
great herb.
This is not the final book on the subject either. This book has
been designed in such a way that the book will grow on a yearly basis.
We will be adding new chapters, new pictures, new methods and new
theories every year. That is why the cannabis grow bible has become
the growers handbook of choice.
We hope that you stick with us and we hope that this book
will help you to get where you want to go. Happy growing and most of
all remember to........
...HAVE FUN!
Greg Green.
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The Cannabis Grow Bible
By Greg Green
"Since it's inception marijuana is natural, given by God for all living
creatures to use. Let peace and sanity prevail. Let the herb grow free.
There is no finer hobby on this planet than tending to a garden that
gives such delightful rewards." - Greg Green.
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Chapter 1
THE CANNABIS PLANT: A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANNABIS
AND THE BASICS OF USING CANNABIS
This picture is of a young female Skunk#1 plant developing her flower
cluster. This picture is from Strawdog.
Cannabis plants have been living on this planet for thousands,
maybe millions of years, and have been doing so for quite some time
before man's intervention and after. Cannabis can grow nearly
everywhere and anywhere as long as the temperature is not too low
and there is enough sunlight and food present for the plant to flourish.
In Asia, one can travel to the various regions around Mongolia and
visit the cannabis plant naturally growing on the hillsides and across
the vast plains, sometimes covering entire hill faces and spreading
down onto the valley below. The Cannabis plant is a very adaptable
plant and can grow both in and outdoors.
The Cannabis plant has managed to travel across the globe
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without the help of man. The seed has been carried by the wind, in
bird droppings and has attached itself to animals that can, and do, trek
over long distances.
As you can see Mother Nature has distributed this plant in many ways.
The origins of the Cannabis plant are not entirely clear but
today it is generally recognized by most biologists and cannabis
researchers that it began its life somewhere in the Himalayas (Figure
1.1).
Figure 1.1 - This is section of the map of Asia. The area in the square
is where scientists believe cannabis started its Life.
Today, human intervention has caused the Cannabis plant to
grow under more controlled conditions and in areas where the plant
would not have had a previous history. It is estimated that in most
countries there must be at least 2 - 12 different cannabis strains
growing wildly.
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Wild Cannabis plants are rare in countries that have tried to
eliminate the plant by burning fields and conditioning woodlands. In
certain countries the Cannabis plant has been identified as a dangerous
drug and has been killed off by human beings and law enforcement
officials. It is treated as a weed and as a plant that causes social,
mental and physical problems. None of these reasons for removing the
plant are well founded but the cull of cannabis has occurred anyhow.
The Cannabis plant was used for many things other than the
extraction of THC (to be discussed later). Our ancestors, up until the
late 1800's early 1900's, used the Cannabis plant to create clothing
and other materials. The Cannabis plant or ‘hemp' as it is called in the
textile industry is a very strong material and will withstand large
amounts of stress applied to it. Hemp material is widely regarded as
one of the best possible materials for producing fabrics. A pair of
trousers made from hemp, or a shirt made from hemp will withstand
the test of time. It is a far more superior material than cotton. This
should give you some clues as to why the fabrics industry wanted to
put a stop to the cultivation of marijuana in the late 1800's. Hemp
fabric products will last longer than cotton fabric products thus the
buyer buys less over longer periods of time. This is the first instance of
the Cannabis plant being subjected to ridicule for capitalist gain.
The Cannabis plant has been subjected to a number of
stereotypical formats. The first one is that the resin produced by the
plant is physically addictive. This is not true and I will explain why. In
psychiatry there is a list of classifications for addictions of all abusive
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substances. It is contained in a paper called - ICD-10 (classifications of
Mental and Behavioral Disorders) which you can read on-line here.
http://www.who.int/whosis/icd10/
Medical doctors are not informed clearly about the use and
abuse of cannabis. This is because cannabis research is illegal in most
countries or if research is allowed most of the results are suppressed.
The only way a medical doctor can help a person with a
cannabis problem is by having some experience with people who have
had cannabis problems in the past. There are no special books to turn
too. There are no references which explain clearly what to do or IF
cannabis is physically addictive. There are no pills for cannabis
addiction (there are for alcoholism).
The only place a doctor can go is to the archives of what other
countries have said about the drug and its abuse. As a doctor, one
would maybe try Holland and read up on some of the material there, or
Belgium or Switzerland. There can be found medical research papers
that relate to cannabis dependence and all of them say the same thing.
(A) Can it be abused? YES. (B) Can it be addictive? YES. (C) Is
cannabis abuse or use life threatening? NO, but mental side effects
such as depression can be, but only a small percentage of addicts (NOT
USERS, BUT ADDICTS) go through this. (D) Has anyone ever died of
cannabis use? ONLY 1 PERSON in the history of cannabis has died
from its use, but read on. Bruce Lee, the martial arts expert died after
taking cannabis, but the death certificate was later changed too 'death
by misadventure' because of another medical herb that he took which
he did not know he was allergic too. So the correct answer is 0 people
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have died from using cannabis. (E) How do you treat cannabis
addiction? Psychotherapy is the only answer.
In fact there are absolutely no reasons for the prohibition of
cannabis, other than:
1) It is hard to tell if someone is under the influence of cannabis.
Driving/working with machinery is a problem here.
2) People might smoke too much and become a little lazy.
3) Many governments have prohibited it for over 70 years and it would
seem very stupid if they told everyone that they where wrong about it.
Now let us look at these points for a moment.
1) Yes it is hard to tell and make no mistake - if you drive after
smoking cannabis then you are just as stupid as if you where driving
under the influence of alcohol. It is never advised to use cannabis and
then perform a procedure, like driving, which requires your total
attention. As of yet there is no on the spot breathalyzer test for
cannabis use, but there are tests to determine if someone has used
cannabis recently, in the last few hours, in the last few days, weeks or
months. However, alcohol is not banned in a lot of countries but
cannabis is.
2) It happens. Some people do smoke too much pot and they become
docile to the point where they just want to watch television and eat.
However, if there is no money about, and the person needs to survive
or live somehow, you will soon find that person can restore their life
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back to the way it was before they started their cannabis binge by
simply - Not smoking for a few days. A few days of not smoking is all
it takes to rid cannabis of any effects it has had on the human body.
There may be residual cannabinoids left in the system but this does not
pose any problems and will soon wear away.
This is not that easy with alcohol or heroin user. They will
have to go through a long period of detoxification before they can
resume a normal life. A cannabis user does not have to go through the
detoxification period because there simply is none. Not only does the
alcohol user have to spend a few days getting it out of his/her system
but they will also have to deal with the withdrawal symptoms. This can
last for months. With cannabis, it is simply, stop smoking cannabis
and resume operations as normal. (Note: Pharmaceutical firms would
love to sell a pill to cure cannabis addiction, but as of yet can not. They
can not prove that their pill does anything because there are no
cannabis withdrawal systems to observe. Thus the pill would be
deemed a fraudulent product if put on the market.) Also many
homeless people's living standards in most cases are attributed to
alcohol dependence/addiction and rarely, IF ever, is their low living
standard attributed to cannabis dependence. Cannabis dependence is
psychological. Treatment of cannabis addiction is done by psychiatrists
and psychologists and GP's. Heroin and alcohol is treated by
psychiatrists, psychologists, GP's and doctors of internal medicine for
the somatic systems of addiction.
3) This is a major problem because the government may have to set
people free from prison and radically change their justice department's
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stance on cannabis which means that jobs will be lost and revenues
(billions of this - $$$) will be lost if cannabis was decriminalized.
Cannabis prohibition is a booming industry that creates jobs and
capital. However if cannabis was decriminalized then these lost profits
could be derived from a new cannabis industry.
Probably one of the best sites for medical information is
www.cannabisx.com, www.lycaeum.org, or www.overgrow.com
One other thing to mention is that street cannabis may
contain other added drugs. In most clinical cases, a person who
complains about cannabis addiction and shows physical signs of
addiction is not actually addicted to cannabis. They are addicted to the
other drug substances that the supplier has added to his produce to
make it stronger. 100% home grown clean cannabis does not contain
physical additive properties. People who add other drugs to cannabis
are not doing the cannabis community a favor. This is a good reason to
grow your own pot.
***
There are many strains or versions of the Cannabis plant alive
today. Most strains are the result of human intervention and these are
the types you will most likely come across or even smoke. Breeders try
to produce strains that are tasty, smell good and give the user different
types of highs. These are the strains that are best looked out for
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because you can be guaranteed that the plant has got a ‘grow history'
behind it and that the seller of the seeds will know a good bit about the
plant and how it ‘works'.
This ends our brief look at the history of Cannabis. There is
much more to it than just this and many other books that discuss the
legal aspects of Marijuana go into great detail about the history of
Marijuana. In fact the history of Marijuana is so interesting and deep
that a dozen chapters here would not cover the vastness of this plant's
background.
HOWCANNABIS IS USED
Whenever we hear the word Cannabis we think of the famous
leaf shape like the one on this book's cover. Many magazines show
joints being rolled thick with leaves. Leaves are in fact the lesser
potent part of the plant next to the stem and the roots. The cannabis
plant can be divided into 6 main sections (Fig 1.2.). Bud, Stem,
Branches, Nodes, Leaves, and Main Cola.
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Fig 1.2 - This is a picture by BigIslandBud. Each of the parts of the
plant have been Indicated. The 3 horizontal lines on the right show 3
Node levels of branching and where they occur.
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The next thing to know is that plants have a gender. The
genders are male and female and sometimes a mix gender called the
hermaphrodite condition. Now listen to this closely.
1) The male plant is not used for smoking because it contains low
levels of THC and does not taste very good, but it can get you high.
2) The female plant when pollinated does produce THC but also
produces seeds which prevent larger quantities of bud from being
produced.
3) A non-pollinated female (sinsemilla) plant will produce more
flowering buds with no seeds and will produce more quantities of THC
than the male plant or a seeded female plant. The buds produce resin,
which contain THC, and can drip down onto the leaves. When she is
fully mature she should produce a very pleasing high depending on the
grow method, the strain of plant and when it is harvested.
To put it plainly, males can be smoked but are not very good
and are considered vastly inferior to the female plant. The female plant
when pollinated produces seeds and can be smoked but is vastly
inferior to a non-pollinated female plant (sinsemilla) that produces
more bud. It should be the goal of every Cannabis user to grow nonpollinated
female plants with big buds. The goal of a cannabis breeder
is too produce quality seeds and plants. How both these things are done
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is what this book will help you to understand.
At the end of the Cannabis plant's life cycle the plant is
harvested. This means one of two things. The plant can be completely
uprooted and treated (called a complete harvest) or the plant can be
harvested a small bit and used again for a second flowering term (this
is called re-veging (Figure 1..3) and re-flowering).
Figure 1.3 - A plant that is being re-veged. Picture by Vic High.
When Cannabis is harvested the harvester concentrates on the
best part of the plant, namely the top cola and the buds. The leaves are
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the last thing to worry about and the stem and roots are normally
thrown away. There are many ways to harvest a plant and we will
explain it in detail, later. Once the grower has selected the parts they
want, they then set about curing their harvest (Figure 1.4). Curing
your harvest is important. It helps one to produce a finer product. After
the curing has been done the grower can then choose how he/she
wants to finally produce their smokable mix (figure 1.5). They can use
the cured plant as it is and smoke it dry or they can produce hash or
oils from the curing process.
Figure 1.4 - This is a picture of some cured buds.
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Figure 1.5 - This is the result of a good indoor harvest.
Both Pictures by Kryptonite.
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Figure 1.6 - This is a picture of an indoor garden from Kryptonite.
SPECIES
The next thing one should know about are the different types
of Cannabis species. There are 3 main species of Cannabis plants.
These are Sativa, Indica and Ruderalis. Each species has its own group
of strains which are many. Each species has different characteristics
and each strain of each species has its own special identity.
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Figure 1.7 - Picture of Sativa leaf by Slowhand.
SATIVA:
Height - Can grow tall. Averages anywhere between, 4 - 15 feet.
Nodes - Has long internodes between branches, 3 inches to 6.
Leaf - Pointy leaves with no markings or patterns.
Figure 1.8 - Indica Leaf picture by Kryptonite.
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INDICA:
Height - Small plants. Averages anywhere between 6 inches - 4 feet.
Nodes - Short internodes between branches. 3 inches and less.
Leaf - Rounded leaves with marble like patterns.
Figure 1.9 - This is a picture of some Ruderalis / Indica hybrids from
Sensi Seeds. www.sensiseeds.com
RUDERERALIS:
Height - Small plants. Averages anywhere between 6 inches and 4 feet.
Nodes - very short internodes with much branching.
Leaf - Small and thick.
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THC
Cannabis plants produce psychoactive ingredients called
cannabinoids. The main ingredient of the cannabinoids that gives the
high effect is called - delta 9 THC. All strains vary in THC levels that
come in different percentages. Some plants may contain 100% THC
but the "levels" of THC may be low. Other plants have only 60% THC,
but the "levels" of THC may be very high. A good potent plant will
have both levels and quantities very high. Cannabis plants also
produce something called - delta 8 THC. This ingredient is in low
levels but does contribute to the high. When we mention THC levels,
we are talking about both delta 8 and 9 THC.
There are also other ingredients that add to the high such as
CBD, CBN, THCV, CBDV, CDC and CBL, but are only very minor
compared to THC.
The difference between THC levels and THC quantities is that
THC levels are genetic. They are not under the influence of the
grower. THC quantities on the other hand are. This is to do with bud
mass and how much resin can be generated in that bud mass.
Some bud may only contain 20% THC, with a THC level of 5.
The same plant grown under better conditions and light will produce
70% THC, with a THC level of 5. The ‘5' is genetic. The quantities of
20% and 70% are under the grower's control.
When examining a strain in a seed-bank catalogue one is
guided to check for the THC levels of that plant to understand how
potent the plant is. Many seed sellers and breeders measure their
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plants THC levels and give accounts on how much THC their plants
have. Of course many breeders like to exaggerate on how much THC
their plants produce, but some do not. If you wish to know more about
THC levels it is best to consult your seed-bank or breeder for details.
No complete study of cannabinoids has been made public
since this book's publication. This is because cross breeding produces
so many different results that it is hard to keep track on what is
happening. Some 'old timer' strains are still around and have been
tested. This information can be obtained from the larger seed
production companies in Holland. THC testing is also an expensive
process that requires heavy amounts of research.
The other interesting factor is that some plants do not produce
any THC at all. These plants have been genetically engineered (GM)
to produce very low levels of THC and are mainly used by farmers in
some countries who have permission to grow cannabis for hemp
production ONLY. It is best to keep away from these seeds and strains.
They will not get you high. There is project called the PMP (potency
monitoring project) that is carried out by some government-funded
agencies, but the results are questionable.
ZERO ZERO
The other thing that may interest you is that Cannabis can be
cured in various forms and one of these popular forms is HASHISH
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(Figure 1.10).
Figure 1.10 - This is some raw hash extraction by Kryptonite. This
hash is pure without any additives.
Hashish can also be graded and one of the most famous
grades of Hashish is called Zero Zero. Hashish making (Figure 1.11)
can improve (but sometimes degrade) the overall potency of marijuana.
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The grades of Hashish are as follows. 00(zero zero), 0, 1, 2, 3. Zero
Zero is by far the most purest form of Hashish on the market today and
comes from plants that have high levels of THC in conjunction with a
good Hash making technique. Sometimes the technique may be good
but the levels of THC in the plant are low. This may produce a grade
such as a 2 or a 3.
It is wise to note that the Potency of a plant depends on a
number of factors. It should be the goal of every grower to produce a
potent, high grade, product. Zero Zero is also a 'western' concept
derived from hash types that come from Morocco.
Figure 1.11 - This picture shows some hash being made. The powderlike
substance is the collection of trichomes from the plant. This
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powder will eventually be solidified to make a bar of hash.
Photograph by Chimera.
RESIN
Female plants produce resin glands (Figure 1.12 and 1.14).
Some of these glands may have lots of resin but are not very potent.
Other plants may have little resin but are very potent. Optimal growth
gives rise to a plant that has lots of resin and is very potent. Resin
glands are produced all over the female flowers and new leaves. They
can be seen clearly with the use of a magnifying aid. These resin
glands are correctly called Trichomes.
Figure 1.12 - This picture is a macro shot of some trichomes as they
look on the plant. Notice the ball shaped tips. These contain
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cannabinoids. Photograph by Joop Jumas.
Figure 1.13 - This flowering female is covered in Trichomes. That is
what gives this bud her frosty look. Picture by Chimera.
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Resin can be rubbed off the bud using the fingers and then
rolled into the palms to create small balls of hand rubbed hashish. It is
within these glands that one is to find the main concentration of
produced cannabinoids and THC. When a plant is in full flowering the
resin gland can explode or break dropping resin down onto the leaves
below. This can also give the leaves their shiny frosty potent look
during flowering. Towards the bottom of the plant are located the fan
leaves. These leaves are generally large and collect most of the light
for plant growth. Because these leaves are far away from the top of the
plant, which produce the most amount of resin glands and buds, they
collect the least amount of resin and are not very potent. It is best to
consider separating these fan leaves from the rest of the plant after
harvest because these leaves will not give you the best quality high.
Figure 1.14 - Trichomes Photograph by Joop Jumas.
45
THE HIGH
We should now have an idea as to what we are looking for in
terms of a good quality smoke. We are looking for non-pollinated
female plants that have flowered, producing lots of buds with resin
glands that contain high levels and amounts of THC. We are also
looking for plants that have been well cured and processed in a way
that allows us to sample the full flavor, smell and taste of the plant.
One must also be aware that some plants are very potent and can
literally knock one's socks off. This is where taste comes into play.
Some people like plants that give a head high but do not cause one to
fall asleep. Other people like plants that give a down effect and cause
the body to become less responsive to stimuli. The body down is called
‘The couch-lock effect'. The head high is simply called ‘The head
high.'
Now another thing must be considered here. Remember that
we talked about Species of Cannabis - Sativa, Indica and Rudereralis?
Well Rudereralis is hardly used much today. Sativa and Indica are
extremely common and these 2 species will be the main focus of this
book. Also both species have two different forms of high. The high
type of each species can also be controlled depending on the time at
which you harvest. Not only this but the species can be crossed to
produce Indica/Sativa type plants or Sativa/Indica type plants. This
may sound all very confusing at first, but it is in fact all quite simple.
We will explain more about this in our next chapter.
46
Chapter 2
SEEDS
Figure 2.1 - Some cannabis seeds by Kryptonite.
At the moment there are approximately 450 seed varieties of
Cannabis on the market today. Out of the 450 seed varieties, 200 are
worth looking at and out of the 200 varieties about 50 or so are
outstanding. Each strain is either a pure species type (taking 2 plants
of the same species and crossing them) or a crossbreed of two or more
species (taking 2 plants from different species and crossing them).
Out of the 450 seed varieties we said that 200 where good.
This leaves 250 left. Those 250 are usually very unstable crossbreed
strains. These complete hybrids plants are mixed so much that they
can not be classified at either Sativa or Indica. They are classified in a
different way and we will explain this in the strain format table below.
47
Most hybrids do not last long on the market and are primarily
found only among breeders who are experimenting with their plant's
genetics. Seed producers tend to only produce the following strain
categories. Some Hybrids can be excellent though!
PURE SATIVA (This is a pure species)
SATIVA (This is a mostly Sativa species with some Indica)
PURE INDICA (This is a pure species)
INDICA (This is a mostly Indica species with some Sativa)
INDICA/SATIVA (This is a 50/50 cross between a Sativa and an
Indica species)
They also produce:
RUDERALIS (This is a pure species)
And some other Ruderalis mixes. However Ruderalis is a
problematic plant. It does not produce large quantities of THC, nor
does it flower like the other varieties. Ruderalis is considered substandard
by most growers because it flowers according to age and does
not flower according to the photoperiod. We will explain what the
photoperiod is in a moment.
Now remember that we said an Indica/Sativa cross would
produce two different highs. Well we lied a little. If they are both
50%/50% crosses then the high will be a 50%/50% mix. Indica/Sativa
and Sativa/Indica is really the same thing.
48
Pure Sativa is a total ‘Head High'. Pure Indica is a total ‘Body
Stone/couch-lock'. A 50/50 cross will give a 50% ‘Head high' and a
50% ‘Body Stone'. If an Indica plant is crossed slightly with a Sativa
plant it will give a 60% ‘Body Stone' and a 40%‘Head High'. A Sativa
plant that is crossed slightly with an Indica plant will give a 60%
‘Head High' and a 40% ‘Body Stone'. The 60/40 ratio is most
common but some breeders can change that ratio. When choosing a
seed, check to see if it is pure or if it has a ratio. Most seed sellers will
have this listed along with their seed type. So when we look at some
strains that are crossbreeds we must understand which species the
plants are leaning towards. Along with the cross you can expect that
the plant will look different. Some Sativa plants may be shorter
because of the Indica breeding in them and some Indica plants may be
taller because of the Sativa breeding in them. This is okay though
because later on we will find that as a grower we have control over
how a plant will look and grow. As a grower we can influence height
and plant features. We can also harvest the plant in such a way that we
can produce a different high type. The later you harvest the plant the
more you will help produce a couch-lock effect. Harvesting just before
peak will induce a cerebral high. If you are working with strains that
are for either cerebral or couch-lock highs then you can harvest early
or later and help produce some of these ‘high type' properties.
49
Figure 2.2 - This is a wonderful harvest picture by GIYO.
50
Hopefully with the knowledge you have been given so far you
are equipped to choose a plant that fits your needs in terms of height,
potency and high type. There is no point trying to grow an 8-foot
Sativa Bush indoors if you do not have the space for it. 2 foot Indica
plants outdoors may not survive if other plants compete with it for
light. As a rule we can always shorten the plants lengths through
pruning, but rarely can we double the plants height if the strain's genes
only allow the strain to grow 2 or 3 feet.
Figure 2.3 - A small grow room by Mr.Zog.
51
HOWTO GET SEEDS
The best way to get seeds is from a friend who has grown a
type of plant that you enjoyed to smoke. This, by far, is the best way
because, (1) You will get the seeds for free and (2) you know what the
high type will be because you have already tasted it.
The next best way is the Internet. The Internet is full of seedbanks
that wish to sell you seeds, but there are a few problems that you
may encounter. The first problem is that some of these seed-banks will
rip you off. The second is that some of these seed-banks do not ship
worldwide. The third is that some of these seed-banks misrepresent
their stock. The fourth is that seeds can be very expensive. Some seedbanks
sell seeds anywhere between (US Dollars = $, UK Sterling = £)
$80/£70 and $300/£290 for 10 - 16 seeds. There are rip-off artists out
there, but then again some of these seeds are worth the money because
the strain is excellent in vigor and production. So how do we choose
our seed-bank and how do we really know what seeds to pick?
CHOOSING A SEED-BANK
As a rule if you find a classy seed-bank then you will find
classy breeders using that seed-bank to sell their seeds. If you find a
seed-bank then the first thing you should do is to examine what people
have to say about that seed-bank. The best way to find this out is to
check one of the more popular websites on the net like
52
www.cannabisx.com or www.yahooka.com. Some web sites give
listings and ratings on seed-banks.
You can also do a search on the net using a search engine like
AltaVista or Yahoo. Find a good web site that is used by a number of
people and not a web site that is used by one person. A community of
users is a good place to go for message board forums and chat. Also
check to see that the site has a registered URL, like a .com site. If they
use a free web site service then consider staying clear of it because it
can disappear without trace overnight. Once you have found a web site
then run a search on 'seeds'. A listing may appear of all known seedbanks
that deal over the Internet. It is best then to check out the
reviews on each seed-bank by the public. A good one is
www.yahooka.com or www.cannabisx.com. This gives the latest
update on each seed-bank and gives them a review out of 5. Find the
URL of each seed-bank and check out the prices. Some seed-banks do
deals on seeds and you will find that prices do change from bank to
bank. The next thing you do before buying anything is to send the web
master an E-mail. Ask him/her about their services, what seeds you
like, how they delivers, security arrangement, and if they can deliver to
your country. In some countries seeds are legal. In others they are not.
Wait until they give you a reply. If you do not get a reply then do not
use that seed-bank. These people are salesmen and should
communicate with you and answer all your questions. Also ask how
the money should be sent and ask about postage and packaging. Most
seed-banks sell their seeds in batches of 10 - 20. This means that you
will get 10 - 20 seeds in the post. Anything can happen. A misplaced
53
foot in the postal office can kill the seeds, making them not viable.
Good seed-banks provide good packaging. Ask about it.
If your seeds do not arrive send an E-mail to the seed-bank
and ask them what happened. If they do NOT reply or if your seeds are
lost write them a complaint and then post that complaint in one of the
web boards like yahooka.com. The more people complain the better the
chances of indicating seed-banks that are ripping people off. Also if
you get your seeds in good condition then it is always wise to post a
good review of that seed-bank. This will also improve your
communication with that seed-bank the next time you buy seeds (you
may get discounts). If you do not have access to the web then you will
have to get addresses for these seed-banks and send them a letter
asking for further information. Some seed-banks have even advertised
in the back of this book.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN CHOOSING SEEDS
Okay, so now you have an idea of what type of plant you want
and the seed-bank that you are going to use. The next step is too check
if the seeds are for indoor or outdoor use. There is a saying that all
cannabis seeds can be grown indoors and outdoor. This is true, but that
is not what the breeder had intended. If the breeder had created a plant
that does well indoors then it is suggested that you only grow these
seeds indoors. If you grow outdoors and the plant does not produce
that well, then you know that you should have followed the breeder's
advice. Next time take that advice. There is nothing stopping you from
54
experimenting, and some growers have produced excellent results by
putting outdoor seeds indoors or putting indoor seeds outdoors, but it is
best if you follow the advice you are given, especially if you are new to
growing.
Figure 2.4 - Outdoor Sativa.
55
Figure 2.5 - Indoor Sativa.
Both of these pictures, figure 2.4 and 2.5, show a mostly
Sativa strain growing outdoors and indoors. As you can see this would
probably be labeled an outdoor strain because of its size. The grower,
mullummadman, has been able to grow it both ways though.
You may also find that a number of similar strains have been
produced by different breeders. When you look at the seed-bank list
you may see 1 - 4 types of the same plant. What is going on here you
ask? Well, let us take Skunk#1 for example. Skunk#1 is a mostly
Sativa plant but there are about 7 breeders who have provided a certain
56
seed-bank with these seeds. Each seed breeder tries to develop the best
plant possible for that strain type. You will find that some breeders are
good and others are not so good. Make sure that you check with the
seed-bank to see which breeder's strains are the best. Always choose
the best. The reason for choosing the best is that later you can
PRODUCE YOUR OWN SEED from that strain! Welcome to the
wonderful world of Marijuana growing.
Search for Serious Seeds and Paradise Seeds on the internet. They are
both Dutch seed companies.
The next thing to look for is flowering times. Each strain is a
bit different on flowering times. In a nutshell flowering is the next
cycle after your plant shows its sex. There are 3 main stages in plant
growth. Germination, Vegetative growth and Flowering. It is towards
the last days of flowering that you should begin your harvest. If the
seed-bank says, Skunk#1 Flowering time: 7-9 weeks then you should
be able to know roughly when your plant will be ready for harvest (in
this case it will 7 - 9 weeks from the time your plant starts to flower).
Some plants have shorter flowering times and others have
longer. This is a guide to help you understand how long it will take,
after vegetative growth is complete, before you will have a chance to
savior your plant's delights. The last piece of advice is this. Always
consult someone about your strain type. Who knows, they may be able
to recommend something better.... Or maybe even have a private seed
stash of their own.
57
Figure 2.6 - This is some Skunk#1 by Strawdog.
58
Figure 2.7 - Seeds enough to grow a 1000 plants! Picture by
Kryptonite.
59
Figure 2.8 - This is another great picture of some female bud by
Kryptonite.
60
GROWING FACTORS
This is important to bear in mind before you grow your weed.
Have you got the time to take care of your plants? Are you going to be
taking long holidays? Have you got someone you trust to take care of
your plants? And if you do how secure is your grow area? How do the
people you live with feel about this? Can you hide the smell when the
plants start to flower? Are you prepared to pay money on lights and
other grow items? Are you prepared to pay the costs of a higher
electricity bill? Are people going to see your grow room? Are people
going to walk past your grow site outdoors? Is the meter man going to
see your grow room? Is the gas man going to see your grow room? Are
you sure that you really want to do this?
Figure 2.9 - This is an example of how some outdoor plants can get
61
really big and tall. Sometimes they can be hard to hide. Picture by
Mullummadman.
If you are negative on any of these points above then I suggest
that you resolve those issues before you move on.
The next thing I am going to tell you is the most important
thing you will ever hear when growing marijuana. People have lived
their whole lives growing cannabis and have never had an encounter
with the law. It is so simple, but very hard to do. If you can do it then
you are halfway to being an expert grower. Are you ready for it?
62
NEVER TELL ANYONE THAT YOU ARE GROWING
CANNABIS!
63
If you do this then you will never have a problem other than
someone accidentally walking into your grow area. NEVER EVER
TELL ANYONE ANYTHING, EVER. If you can do this then you will
have more security than a castle equipped with guard-dogs henchmen
and the works. Loose lips cause 99.9% of all security related issues
being breached. 00.1% is caused because you did not take the time out
to conceal your area well enough. Loose lips sink ships.
If you plan to share your crop with your friends then do it by
another means, like - ‘Hey guys look what I just bought'. The only
people who should know that you grow are the people who live with
you. If your husband/wife has loose lips, then maybe you should
consider guerrilla growing outdoors (explained later.) Other than that,
these are the most important factors you need to consider. Never grow
at home if other people are not going to know about it. This is bad and
always causes problems in the end. So what does that say? Growing on
your own is the best way. Growing with other people is a problem
unless you know they are okay with it. You will have to figure some of
these things out for yourself.
The next factor is bugs and pests. Always, always have a
bottle of pesticide that kills SPIDER MITES. Spider Mites can reduce
your plants to garbage within a couple of days.
NEVER EVER BRING A PLANT INSIDE THAT HAS BEEN
OUTSIDE. People who have done this have managed to kill nearly
every plant in their house because they brought a plant indoors that
had spider mites. Marijuana plants are very vulnerable to mite attacks
64
because the spider mites love to suck marijuana plants dry. They are
tiny, about half the size of this dot --->> . I can not stress how
important this is. We will talk more about pests later.
The next thing we will talk about is what we expect our seeds
to do before they become full flowering plants.
Figure 2.10 - This is example of what pest damage can do to your
crop. Notice how the leaf has been eaten away. Picture by Slowhand.
65
THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MARIJUANA PLANT
Figure 2.11 - Another wonderful bud shot from Chimera.
We said before that a plant would grow in three main stages.
Germination, Vegetative growth and flowering. Plants actually grow
in 6 stages. Here is the life cycle of the cannabis plant.
66
Germination:
This is the initial stage of growth and occurs when your
seed's embryo cracks open and the seedling produces a root. This root
fixes itself into the soil and pushes the newborn seeding up and over
the soil surface. Following surface contact two embryonic leaves open
outwards to receive sunlight, pushing the empty seed shell away from
the seedling. It takes anywhere between 12 hours to 3 weeks for seeds
to germinate. Once the plant has reached this stage it goes into the
seedling stage.
Figure 2.12 - This is a great picture of an
Indica seedling by Strawdog.
Seedling Stage:
After the first pair of embryonic leaves are receiving light
(Figure 2.12), the plant will begin to produce another small set of new
67
leaves. These leaves are different from the last and may have some
Marijuana characteristics such as the three-rounded finger shaped
points. As the seedling grows, more of these leaves are formed and
bush upwards along with a stem. Some stems are very weak at this
stage and need the support of a small thin wooden stake tied to the
seedling with some fine thread. The seedling stage can last between 1
and 3 weeks. At the end of the seedling stage your plant will have
maybe 4 - 8 new leaves. Some of the old bottom leaves may drop off.
Figure 2.13 - Here is a picture of a cannabis plant in vegetative
68
growth. This picture is from GIYO.
Vegetative Growth:
The plant now begins to grow at the rate which its leaves can
produce energy. At this stage the plant needs all the light and food it
can get. It will continue to grow upwards producing new leaves as it
moves along (Figure 2.13). It will also produce a thicker stem with
thicker branches and with more fingers on the leaves. It will eventually
start to show its sex. When it does this it is time for the plant's preflowering
stage. It can take anywhere between 1 and 5 months for the
plant to hit this next stage.
Pre-flowering:
At this stage the plant slows down in developing its height
and starts to produce more branches and nodes. The plant fills out in
the pre-flowering stage. During this phase of the plant cycle your plant
will start to show a calyx which appears where the branches meet the
stem (nodes). Pre-flowering can take anywhere between 1 day to 2
weeks. (See last page of this book for pre-flowering/calyx illustration)
69
Figure 2.14 - This is a great picture of a flowering plant. It should be
indicated here that this plant is a female. Picture by GIYO.
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Flowering:
During this stage the plant continues to fill out. The plant will show its
sex clearly. The male plant produces little balls that are clustered
together like grapes. The female plant produces little white/cream
pistils that look like hairs coming out of a pod. Each of the plants will
continue to fill out more and their flowers will continue to grow. It can
take anywhere between 4 to 16 weeks for the plant to fully develop its
flowers (Figure 2.14). During this time the male's pollen sacks would
have burst spreading pollen to the female flowers.
71
Figure 2.15 - Seeded bud picture
by Shecky Greene.
72
Seed:
The female plant will produce seeds at this point if she has received
viable pollen from a male plant. The seeds grow within the female bud
and can take anywhere between 2 weeks to 16 weeks, to grow to full
maturity. The female pistils may change color before finally bursting
the seedpods, sending them to the soil below. (Breeders like to collect
their seeds before the seedpods burst.)
These are the six stages of the life cycle of a cannabis plant. It
is important to know that if the males are separated from the females
and killed off then the females will not become pollinated. Let us go
back a step and describe what happens here.
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FLOWERING NON-POLLINATED FEMALES
(SINSEMILLA CROP)
Figure 2.16 - This is some bud by Giyo. The picture is upside down
because it is freshly harvested bud strung up.
During this stage the plant continues to fill out. The plant will
show its sex more clearly. The female plant produces little
74
creamy/white pistils. The plant will continue to fill out more and its
flowers will continue to grow. It can take anywhere between 4 and 16
weeks for the plants to fully develop. During this time though there are
no males to pollinate the female plants. The buds will grow larger and
develop more resin glands. Resin may drop down onto the leaves and
the plant becomes very sticky. The pistils on the buds begin to get
thicker and cluster into balls. The reason for the high increase in bud
growth is that the female plant is trying her best to attract male pollen.
Towards the last days of flowering the pistils will change color
Indicating that the plant is ready for harvest.
CYCLE TIMES
Given the above data it can take anywhere between 10 weeks
and 36 weeks for a plant to grow to maturity. That is, again, anywhere
between 2.5 months to 9 months. The most common grow time is 3 to
4 months. All this is dependent on the strain that you choose. Pure
Sativa can run anywhere into the 6 - 9 month bracket. Indica can
flower in 6 weeks. As you can image a Sativa/Indica plant will fall into
the 2 - 4 month flowering period.
75
Figure 2.17 - Seeded bud picture by Shecky Greene.
76
Figure 2.18 - Great bushy plant picture by n0.
77
Chapter 3
PROPAGATION
What is propagation?
Propagation: 1 The action of breeding or multiplying by natural
processes; procreation, generation, reproduction. 2 The action of
spreading an idea, practice, etc., from place to place. 3 Increase in
amount or extent; enlargement; extension in space or time.
Propagation is 'The Grow'. However most people treat
propagation as the actual events occurring between the planting of the
seed and the transplant of that seedling to the main grow environment.
Here we will treat propagation as the entire process of growing from
seed to harvest. Propagation also includes the logistics of the grow.
So what are you going to do? Are you going to buy a batch of
10 seeds and grow them all in one go? Are you going to then kill the
males and just smoke the females? Are you going to keep the males
and produce more seeds from the females? How many seeds can a
female plant produce? Should I plant my 10 seeds in one go? What
should I do to guarantee that all my seeds will grow? These are the
questions that you should be asking before you begin to grow and this
is where propagation logistics comes into play. The answers depend
largely on the size of your grow area and what your budget is.
Let's say we have about $200/£180 to spend on seeds. We can
78
buy an expensive strain like a G13 cross and then we can grow the
G13 and produce more seeds from it. We can get anything between
100 and 2000 seeds depending on plant size and grow conditions. If
we grow this season for 4 months and at the end produce a lot of seeds
then we may never need to buy seeds for this strain again.
There is something else we can do called - CLONING.
Figure 3.1 - Here are some clones by Slowhand.
This is a technique whereby we can grow a number of plants
and select a good female. Then we can take cuttings from that female
mother plant and grow these cuttings into new plants. Clones always
keep the same sex and vigor of the mother plant. It is also possible to
79
create a garden of plants that will last for decades through cloning
from a single female mother plant. Cloning is discussed in detail in a
later chapter
For the new grower it is advised that you buy 10 seeds and
only germinate 3 the first time followed by another 3 the following
week followed by the last 4 in two weeks after that. This will allow you
some degree of experimentation as you may fail on your first attempt
to germinate the seeds because of lack of any previous cannabis
growing experience.
For people who have germinated seeds once before in the
past, it is advised that you germinate 5 followed by another 5 the next
week. If you are a long time grower with a good amount of growing
experience then you can germinate all 10 in one go. Again you do not
have to do it this way. It just helps reduce the risk of failing all the
seeds because of bad germination methods.
During your plants growth you may decide that you want to
pollinate ONLY ONE of your females. This means that you need to
have two grow areas. One for growing all your female plants and
another for growing a single or more females mixed in with some
males. As we said before this depends on how much grow space you
have and how much money you want to spend. It is important that
your pollination room is kept well away from your female grow room.
Pollen can travel by air and it is advised that the two areas are kept
well apart. Also bees and other insects can spread pollen. Not only that
but you can too. Always wash your hands and face after handling a
male plant. This saves problems of pollen from a male plant getting
80
onto a female that you wish to keep for sinsemilla.
Figure 3.2 - Pollen from the male plant can be collected by shaking it
over a clean surface such as a sheet of glass. The pollen can then be
swept up by using a credit card. If you gather it in a piece of paper
like this then you can........
81
Figure 3.3 - .....Store male pollen in a test tube like this. If
kept out of the light pollen can keep for a long time. You can use this
pollen to make seeds from a female plant by sprinkling some of the
pollen onto the female flowers. Photography film canisters also make
great pollen storage units. Both picture by Slowhand.
82
Figure 3.4 - This is a great picture of an indoor grow room by GIYO.
The light hanging down over the plants is a HPS light. It gives off an
orange glow to the grow room.
83
So being logical we can see that we have paid a bit of money
for 10 seeds and that we want to get 100% germination results. The
following passages will tell you how to achieve that success rate.
WAYS TO GERMINATE YOUR SEEDS
Seeds can be germinated in a number of ways. Some ways
guarantee more success than others. It is recommended that you
consider the 'rockwool SBS propagation tray' method.
Figure 3.5 - Germination picture by BushyOlderGrower.
84
Seed soil propagation:
This is a method whereby the seeds are placed down in moist
soil about 3mm or the length of the seed from the surface. The soil is
kept moist (Not soaking wet) by sprinkling water over it once a day.
This has a moderate success rate. Out of 10 seeds only 7 - 8 may
germinate.
Seed towel propagation:
Figure 3.6 - This is an example of some seeds that have germinated.
This method is the towel germination method. Picture by Kryptonite.
This is a method whereby the seeds are placed either on a
damp towel or on a damp piece of cotton wool. Cheesecloth may also
85
be used. The seed is then covered with more damp wool or a damp
towel. The towel/wool must be kept moist at all times. If the material
dries out it may damage the seeds. Everyday check to see if the seeds
have started to produce any roots. If they have then immediately
transfer the seedling to a grow medium (such as soil) using a pair of
tweezers. Do not touch the root. This has a moderate to high success
rate. Out of 10 seeds 8 - 9 may germinate. The problem with this
method is that sometimes the transplant can cause the seedling to go
into shock. This can kill the germination process leaving you with
nothing. With practice you can get all your seeds to germinate.
Propagation kits:
This is a method whereby the seeds are placed in small unit,
called a seed or clone propagator, which is designed to help plants
germinate. One such kit is called a rockwool SBS Propagation Tray.
Some of these kits can be heated and look like a miniature greenhouse.
At the bottom of the tray is a small area where water, or even better
‘some germination hormone' is poured. Small grow cubes called
rockwool cubes are placed into slots in the tray, which automatically
dips the rockwool into the solution (Figure 3.8). The seeds are placed
into tiny holes in the cubes and the cover is then put back on the unit.
86
Figure 3.7 - Propagation kit and Clones by Strawdog.
This has a very high success rate. All the seeds can sometimes
germinate and in most cases often do. The disadvantage to this method
is that you need to spend money on the tray, rockwool and grow
fertilizers. The price of the tray is about $10/£10, the rockwool cubes
$5/£5, the grow fertilizers $5/£5. If you have spent $50/£50 on seeds
then why not spend the extra $20/£20 on getting a small kit together
like this. The other advantage is that you can use this same tray to help
root your clones.
87
Figure 3.8 - Overhead shot of some seedlings germinating in
rockwool. Picture by Shecky Greene.
DANGERS WHEN PROPAGATING SEEDS
Drafts are a killer and will stunt germination. Always make
sure that you keep your germinating seeds away from any open
windows or fans. Also make sure that the room is kept warm. A cold
room can inhibit your germination rates. The other thing to look out
for when using germination fertilizers is to make sure that your
mixture is correct. Do not use high doses of fertilizers with seedlings.
88
In fact water is all seedlings should need. You do not need to add
anything. Some people do use germination solutions though, but make
sure that you keep these solution strengths down low. An incorrect
mixture can burn your seedlings and cause them to fail. Another thing
to do is to leave your seeds alone to grow. Do not go fiddling with
them, hence the term ‘digging up your seeds'. Some people tend to
disturb the soil to see how their seeds are doing. This is a bad move
and can break or even damage the seed and root. The other thing to
keep in mind is that some strains produce seedlings that have weak
stems. This means that the seedling may tend to lean, sometime more
than 90 degrees, to the left or right. If you find that your seedlings
need support then use a small stick to hold your seedling up. Tie the
stem to the stick using a piece of thread. Never tie the thread above a
growing shoot or the seedling will push up against the thread and rip
itself. You may continue to use a stick to support your plant as it
grows. If your plant still has a weak stem during vegetative growth it is
recommended that you give the base of the stem a little shake every
morning and evening. This will help the plant to develop a more solid
stem. Outdoors the wind shakes a plant and causes it to develop this
solid stem. You can fake the wind by doing this mildly every morning
for two or three seconds. However if you read on you will find that
indoor fans help do this. (Note: Never bring a stick from outdoors
indoors for support as the stick may have some bugs on it. Some bugs
such as spider mites can go undetected in their incubation nests inside
the wood.)
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Seeds must also be viable if they are going to germinate.
Never use white seeds. These are immature. Find seeds that have white
and grey markings or another color apart from white.
Crushed seeds will also not germinate. Old seeds may have
trouble germinating. Always try to use the best seeds you can find.
TRANSPLANTING
During the stages between germination and vegetative growth
the grower may find that he/she needs a bigger pot. Transplanting is
done nearly always as early as possible. One example of a transplant is
when the seedlings are ready in their rockwool SBS tray. The seedling
is lifted from the tray along with the rockwool cube and placed in
another grow medium such as soil, or maybe even a hydroponics setup
(more about hydroponics later). That is called a transplant. There is
not much of problem when transferring the cube and seedling to the
soil. Just dig a small hole in the soil for the cube and place it in. Cover
the cube with soil. The cube will not effect your plant's growth and
will add support if anything.
If you have started your seedlings in soil then you may want
to transplant the plant to a bigger pot. The problem with transplanting
is that people like to move the soil and roots along with the plant from
one pot to another. This means that the plant must be lifted out with
the soil in place. How is this done? Well there are two ways. The first
way is that one does not need to remove the plant from the smaller pot
at all. All you have to do is cut away the base of the small pot and
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place this pot into the bigger pot of soil. The roots will grow down
through the bottom hole of the old pot and into the new one. The roots
will always find their way down. The other way is too make sure that
the soil is very dry. Delay watering your plant for a couple of days and
let the soil settle hard. Then you can use a clean knife to cut around
the inside of the pot. Cut deep, but do not damage the roots. When you
have done this push your fingers down into the side and lift the plant
and soil out. You will have some breakaway soil but this does not
matter as long there is not too much of it lost. Quickly place the plant
into the larger pot and fill with soil. Give your plant some water so
that it will take to the new soil. Never ever try to lift your plant by the
stem. Even though the stem may look safe and strong this nearly
always causes problems down the line. You should always have a firm
grip of the soil when transplanting. Some people like to clean the
roots, but I would not recommend it for cannabis. If your soil is very
compact you may be able to turn the pot upside down and tap the
whole medium out as one solid mass.
During some transplants the cannabis plant may go into
shock, even if your transplant was clean and perfect. If you have kept
your plant well it should survive. If the plant has not been looked after
it may fail quickly. A good grower always takes care of his/her plants.
Transplant shock is caused by a disturbance of the roots. If the roots
are cut or fall down, the plant does not respond well to this. This is
why you must always make sure that you keep a firm hold of the soil
during transplants. Also refrain from feeding them for 1 week if you
can. There are some transplant feeding products that work as
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hormones out there and you may wish to have a look at those.
GERMINATION SOIL
There are many soils out there that advertise themselves as
germination soils. They basically are the same as any other soil except
they contain micronutrients and are kept somewhat 'clean' (the soil is
sifted and no compost is added). Ordinary loam soil with a pH of 7 and
an NPK of higher or equal amounts of N than P or K is good for
starting seeds in. Even the ratios of NPK @ 5:1:1 or 8:4:4 are good.
Just make sure that the N is equal too or higher than the P and K
factors on the label. More about soil later.
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GROWING
We are now coming to the first core divide in growing
marijuana. At this stage you should now know something about the
History of Cannabis, How it is smoked, Cannabis Species, The
Cannabis High, Seeds, How to choose and obtain seeds, Grow factors,
The life cycle of the plant, Propagation, Germination and
Transplanting. Now all these things are generally pre-production
methods except for Transplanting. You are about to take your seedling
and put it into your main grow area. This means that for the next 3 - 9
months your plant is going to be located in a certain environment.
That environment is either indoors or outdoors. So let us talk about
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each in brief for a moment.
GENERAL INDOOR GROWING
Figure 3.9 - Indoor Grow room picture by Shipperke.
Light is the most important factor next to choosing your
strain that you must consider. There are two main ways to light your
plants indoors - Natural light and artificial light. Both ways have
advantages and disadvantages.
The first thing you should know is that indoor lights produce
bigger flowers (more bud) than natural window light. This means you
get more THC quantity with artificial lights than you will with natural
sunlight indoors. Even in countries that have hot sun for 6 months of
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the year you can still find it hard to produce big buds indoors under
natural light. Some people have grown plants under an attic window
that they open during the dry days. This will grow you bud but not as
much as you would get using an artificial light system. The other side
of the coin is that natural light is free, electricity is not and grow lights
are a little bit expensive to buy and use. They are definitely not as
expensive as it is to run an electric cooker 24 hours a day but they are
little expensive to use all the same.
Figure 3.10 - The Sun. Picture by Inf3cted.
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When using a window grow try to place your plant near a
window that gets the most sunlight. Sun comes up in east and sets in
the west. It travels more north or south depending on which side of the
equator you are. Think about it for awhile. Also remember that you
have the seasons to think about. If you plan on a window grow try to
establish when you want your plant to receive most of its light. You
want your plant to get most of its light during flowering. If July is the
best month for sunlight then you may consider producing your
seedling back in April or May or even as early as late March. Try to
guess when you will get the best weather. Coordinate this with the
flowering times directed by the breeder and you will be able to foresee
your harvest time.
Also remember that people can look up and see your plant if
they are sitting near the window. Do people come to wash your
windows? Also remember that if you have a Sativa plant then they will
get big. Take all these factors into consideration when you are growing
your plants with natural sunlight indoors.
If you are growing indoors then you may have a room or part
of a room that you wish to use such as an attic, closet, basement, spare
bathroom or hot press. These locations nearly always need artificial
light. You may even decide to build a cabinet yourself. There are many
ways to set-up an indoor grow room. We will discuss this later in
detail.
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Figure 3.11 - Indoor Grow room. Picture by Kryptonite.
GENERAL OUTDOOR GROWING AND GUERRILLA
FARMING
Outdoor growing is growing on your own property outdoors.
Guerrilla farming is growing away from your property in public areas
or on someone else's property. For this part we will talk a bit about
both.
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Figure 3.12 - Outdoor Grow. Picture by Mullummadman.
The biggest problem with outdoor growing is keeping your
grow area secure and private. Some people will rip-off your plant in a
second if they see what you have (Figures 3.13 and 3.14). Others will
just create trouble for you. Security is vital. I once heard about a small
hippy community who lived near a forest here and grew their
marijuana near a stream. They eventually had to stop growing as their
plants where being ripped-off by the locals in the town nearby. It also
must be understood that the thieves where not just teenagers either.
Adults will do this too. In some cases where the cannabis industry is
booming, rippers are professionals and this is their main source of
financial income.
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Figure 3.13 - This is a picture of an Outdoor grow that has been
ripped off. The smaller image shows a picture of the plant before it
was ripped off. Picture by Slowhand.
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Figure 3.14 - This is another shot of a grow area that has been ripped
off. As you can see rippers are without mercy. They would not even
leave a little bit of branching so that the grower could take cuttings
from his plant. Picture by Slowhand.
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The best way to conceal an outdoor garden is to grow the
Cannabis plants among other plants that will mask the cannabis. The
other way is too grow the plants is inside a brick cubicle with a sheet
of glass on top. Some of you may have the advantage of living out of
town and have gardens in which this kind of stuff can be constructed.
Hide your crop well. Everybody does not easily spot marijuana but
someone who is trained to watch out for this plant will see it right
away for what it is. If you feel that unwanted people may see your
grow area then you might want to invest in some form of a greenhouse
that has the windows painted white but the top glass left clear. The
white walls will help reflect the direct sunlight coming down around
your plants.
Guerrilla growing is hard work and most often prone to ripoffs.
By planting in a forest or in someone else's field you are not in
any danger of being caught with the plants ON YOUR PROPERTY.
Having said that the person's property that you planted on is at risk.
Be a nice grower and do NOT plant on someone else's property. It is
not a nice thing to do and looks bad on the cannabis growing
community. Find a public area such as a forest or a hill slope. Look for
an area that is away from the public eye. Look for an area that will
receive plenty of light. There are lots of places for this sort of thing.
You have just got to spend time finding them. This is the key to
guerrilla growing. Find a good patch and you will have good bud.
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Figure 3.15 - Photograph by Mullummadman.
Your grow patch, whether on your own property or public
property, must be treated. Leaving seeds in the soil and coming back
four months later is generally not going to get you good results. Two
main things must be done to the patch to begin the grow - weeding and
digging.
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Figure 3.16 - A night shot of an outdoor grow by Slowhand.
Some guerrilla farmers keep it simple. What they do is start
their seedlings in small plastic pots indoors. When the seedlings have
developed the grower cuts the bottom of the pot away. A small piece of
cardboard is taped to the bottom of the pot. The plants, in their pots,
are then taken to the grow patch. A hole is dug in the ground and the
pot and plant is placed in the earth. The cardboard is removed and the
hole is filled in with soil. That way you have germinated your plant
and only need to worry about secondary factors such as light, security
and pests. The roots will find their way out of the bottom of the pot
and into the soil below. Don't worry about the roots not finding a way
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out of the pot. They always do, that is their job.
Figure 3.17 - Picture by Slowhand.
Most outdoor growers favor this method. A patch near a river
is ideal. Easy access to water helps if there is a short draught.
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Figure 3.18 - This is another picture of some great colas by
MullumMadman.
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GARDENING TOOLS
Here is a list of the basic items that are used to grow cannabis
plants indoors and out.
- Seeds.
- Soil.
- Propagation tray.
- Rockwool cubes.
- Pots.
- Support sticks.
- Thread.
- Watering can.
- Water spray bottle.
- Spider Mite spray.
- Other bug sprays.
- A pair of scissors.
- A sharp knife.
- Grow nutrients.
- Rooting gels.
- Growth enhancing fertilizers.
- Large pitchfork.
- Small shovel.
As we advance to the latter stages of this book we will see that
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the grower can equip himself/herself with much more items that can
help them on their quest for bigger buds!
MALE POTENCY
The male plant is not a good smoke (Figure 3.19). This
however may not always be the case. Some strains have male plants
that produce more THC than other males of a different strain.
Sometimes the male can be stronger than a female from another weak
strain. Most male plants from good genetics are stronger than the
Ruderalis female. Males can be smoked or made into hash oil. Simply
wait until the plant is flowering and then clip the top 6 to 12 inches of
the plant away and remove the leaves. Throwaway any stems and
branches. Cure these leaves and then find out for yourself if the male is
any good or not. You may be in for a surprise.
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Figure 3.19 - This is a good example of what a male plant looks like.
Instead of pistils we have small round pollen sacks. The picture is
from The Penguin.
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SCUFFING SEEDS
Most seeds that fail to start germinating do so because their
shell is too hard to break open and allow water to seep in. At the end
of your germination period you may have found that 25% or more of
your seeds have not managed to pop out. You can help these seeds to
grow by using a method known as Scuffing.
Simply get a small box, like a matchbox. Line the inside of
the box with sandpaper. Place the seeds into the box. Cover the seeds
with more sandpaper. Close the box and shake the seeds in the box for
a few minutes. Now the seeds are scuffed and their outer shell should
be easier to pop open. Plant these seeds in soil and they should be able
to germinate.
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Chapter 4
SECURITY
Before we go any further we should really address this topic
because it crops up so often. Security is always an issue whether you
are an outdoor or indoor grower. We have learned before that the best
way to secure your grow area is too prepare yourself fully for any event
that may occur in the foreseeable future.
Pre-production security arrangements are very important. A
sudden peak in your electricity bill may attract unwanted attention
from certain authorities that look for these things. This may seem odd
to you, but it does happen.
It is now common practice that most countries who still have
prohibition on cannabis plants set up special task squads to track down
growers. The most often used technique by these agencies is tracking
purchasing orders. Many agencies keep a tab on certain grow shops
and look through the items that are being sold to outside customers.
This tracking requires a special court order but the police can obtain
this with ease. If someone has been identified as buying suspicious
grow products, then the agency will also try to find out what other
things have been bought using the same credit card or another
electronic money transfer medium. Many a grower have been caught
out this way. The best way to avoid this system is to PAY CASH.
Seed-banks are also sometimes tracked by certain agencies
that watch for incoming mail with certain stamps and envelope
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headers. Sometimes it is not the agency that do the tracking but people
themselves in the post office who want to rip you off. IT DOES
HAPPEN, and quite a bit as well. To get around this most seed-banks
do not head their mail anymore. If your seed-bank does head their mail
with their company address it is best to keep away from that seed-bank
in the future.
If you have done the right thing then you should have all your
growing tools and kits bought via cash and your seeds purchased from
a good seed-bank that has good seeds and a safe secure way of sending
you their product. Many seed-banks use great stealth to get you your
seeds. It is advised that you never have seeds sent to your grow area.
INDOOR SECURITY
When growing indoors try to consider certain factors
cropping up in the near future. Like visits from repairmen or gasmen.
Some growers have a grow room which they can sweep clean in under
1 minute. This means that they have a closet near by where they can
quickly move their plants too, if any visitors do pop up.
Always keep your security closet near your grow area. It is no
good walking around your house with five or more plants in your
arms. It is a bad idea to use your toilet for the backup security area
unless you have another one that the guest can use.
Apart from this backup area the other thing you must
consider with indoor security is the smell. Now Super Skunk and
Skunk#1 are very smelly plants. When the plant is in flowering she
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begins to stink.....Hence the name ‘Skunk'. If you live in an apartment
complex then there is no way you will be able to hide the smell unless
you have some form of an EXTRACTOR FAN or an OZONE
GENERATOR (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1 - This is a home made Ozone Generator. Picture by
Shipperke.
In some indoor set-ups a fan can be used to extract any
unwanted smell away from the corridor outside. It can be pumped
through a window or filter to another area where the smell will not be
noticed. Not only that but plants love fresh air and wind, so the fan can
do two things at once for you. An ‘Ozone Generator' is a device that
can be purchased from most grow shops. It helps to get rid of cannabis
odor problems.
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Apart from the smell problem the other problem you will have
is with fires. Now this is a very important thing to know about. Some
people growing indoors tend to use very shoddy lights with even
shoddier fixtures.
NEVER EVER USE ANY LIGHTING KIT AND FIXTURES
THAT ARE DAMAGED OR NOT SUITABLE FOR INDOOR
GROWING.
Many people have lost their homes because of this problem.
Taking short cuts with lighting and electricity is a big no no. I have
heard off and met many people who have come home only to find a
fire brigade outside who have just finished putting out the fire which
engulfed part of the house. The same thing happens in every case. The
grower gets closer and sees a number of police officers looking around
the room. The fire officer points to the cause of the fire - a half melted
light fixture with burnt out sockets. The officer looks around and sees
the plants all crispy and black. They both know what this is all about.
Why do they know? Because they have seen it a hundred times before.
New Marijuana growers nearly always make the mistake of
creating inferior lighting set-ups. Needless to say that this is because of
three things. (1) They don't have the right information because of
government censorship laws. (2) They do not have the money to invest
in a proper lighting system. (3) They just want to grow their pot quick
and fast and cheaply. We will discuss proper lighting systems in
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another chapter.
OUTDOOR SECURITY
As we have said before the best way to secure your outdoor
garden plants is via a shelter. One must also remember that some
outdoor plants do smell and this can carry over a short distance given
the right wind and the right climate. Most people would not know
what the smell is but some DO! Many growers get around this problem
by growing cannabis plants that have very little smell during
flowering. These types of strains are listed by most seed-banks. Again
you should ask about strains that have low smell levels. All Cannabis
plants smell to some degree during flowering.
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Figure 4.2 - Nice Bud picture from RealHigh.
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Figure 4.3 - An outdoor Haze plant by Slowhand.
The other thing to do is to make sure that during harvest time
you have harvested as quickly and as privately as possible. Standing
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over a small shelter putting cuttings of cannabis into a big black bag is
not exactly the most secure way to go about this. Some people go out to
their garden with black plastic bags and drop the bag over the plant
before pulling it up. This way you will not expose your crop to anyone.
Some people do their harvesting at night. This is not recommended
though as it can draw unwanted attention to you.
If you are growing your plant outdoors in the open without a
shelter and away from the general public then you may want to create
a pen for your plants. A pen made from chicken wire will prevent any
unwanted predators such as deer or rodents from eating your plants.
Predators are a big problem with outdoor growing. We will talk about
pests later.
GUERRILLA GROWING SECURITY
Tracks left behind from your ventures too and from your grow
area are the worst give-away for any guerrilla farmer. People just love
to walk through the woods and say "oh look a nice track, I wonder
what is down there?". Try not to create a track when you go to your
grow area. Even by visiting the same spot once every two weeks you
will leave a trail that some hikers might see and use. Try to access
your grow through several different routes if you can.
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Figure 4.4 - This is a picture of a guerrilla grow deep in the woods.
The cannabis is hidden low down in the foreground of this picture by
Mullummadman.
As a guerrilla grower you should try to keep away from
hacking through 100 feet of brambles to get to your grow site. When
choosing a spot find an area that is not too dense but not too sparse
either. Some Guerrilla growers have even created small grow baskets
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that they hang from trees away from the public eye. If the baskets are
well camouflaged then you can get away with loads!
As a guerrilla grower you should always wear gloves when
handling your work. If you have buckets near by do not leave
fingerprints on any of these. Also you will want to consider having a
good reason for being in your grow area. Imagine that you are walking
back from your path, with no crop on you, and someone jumps out of
the bush. He says - “What are you doing here?”. Of course you know
that there is a river near by so you show him your fishing rod or your
binoculars and bird spotting book. There are many things you can take
with you on your trip to make you look more like somebody else other
than a cannabis grower. Many grow sites have been staked-out by
people you would not like to meet. Always check the area around your
grow site for any people who may look suspicious.
The worst security time for any guerrilla grower is during
harvest time. This is when you must go from your grow area to your
home with your growing rewards. Always do this as early as possible
in the morning just as the sun rises. Always double-check the area for
any suspicious looking people. Pack your buds and plants into black
plastic bags (brown paper bags are better) and then put these into a
backpack. Walk towards the edge of the forest /woods/clearing and
quickly drop your bag down against a bush and cover it up. Walk
towards your car and look around again. Drive your car for about five
minutes and look around to see if you can see anything. If you see
anything suspicious, or anything following you leave the bag and go to
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town (not home - leave that until the situation is under control again).
If things look okay, drive back to where you left your bag. Pick up your
bag and put it in the boot or trunk of the car. Drive home carefully.
Some people can get away with guerrilla farming lots of pot.
This is commercial growing on a risky scale but can still be found in
various parts of the world where cannabis is still banned. The growers
usually live deep in the forest miles away from the nearest town. They
may spend up to 7 months out there on their own, cultivating the crop.
Recent grow busts by the police have identified some several tons of
bud being grown by as little as 3 people living squat in some unknown
region of British Colombia.
There is not much more to outdoor growing than this. Most of
the elements that you need to complete your outdoor grow are in the
indoor growing chapter of this book. Read through this and it should
give you ideas about how to treat your outdoor grow patch.
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Chapter 5
THE INDOOR GROWING OF CANNABIS
There are many ways to grow your cannabis plant indoors.
The two core methods of indoor growing are soil growing and
hydroponics. There is a separate chapter for hydroponics, and so this
chapter will deal with soil growing.
Figure 5.1 - Indoor Grow room. Picture by RealHigh.
There are many ways to grow an indoor soil garden. The most
common indoor set-ups are:
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1. Bench growing,
2. SOG growing,
3. ScrOG growing
4. Cabinet growing.
We will discuss these methods in a moment but let us first see what
they all have in common.
LIGHTS
Lights come in all shapes, sizes, wattage and type. A full
indoor grow lighting kit should contain the following items. Bulb,
reflector, ballast, timer and electrical inputs/outputs.
Figure 5.2 - Regular HID Bulbs.
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Figure 5.3 - A reflector with bulb and ballast.
Figure 5.4 - This is a picture of a timer.
Most lighting kits are open, meaning that no hood or glass
will cover the bulb. It hangs directly under the reflector. The bulb is
fixed into a socket that is attached to the inside of the reflector. That
socket is connected to the ballast. The ballast can be internal or
external. If external there will be a cord leading to the ballast from the
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bulb's socket. The ballast plugs into a domestic light socket like the
one you have in your home. Some ballast types even have a built-in
timer.
When buying a lighting system it is recommend that you buy
a complete system and an extra bulb. Check to make sure that the
lighting system meets safety regulations and has some sort of
guarantee with it.
Figure 5.5 - This is an example of what an external ballast looks like.
You might be able to see the timer on top of it.
LIGHT BANDS
Light can be separated into a spectrum, which form the colors
of the rainbow. Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.
Each of these lights mix down to give white light. Artificial lights,
because of their nature, tend to lean towards a tint of one of these
colors when they mix down to form white light.
The electro-magnetic spectrum is a term used in lighting to
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describe the distribution of electro-magnetic radiation by reference to
energy. This table roughly gives wavelengths, frequencies and energies
for parts of the spectrum. There is also the color part of the spectrum
that is very important for plants.
Plants are green, which means that Plants absorb light at the
middle of the spectrum (Orange to Indigo). Cannabis plants need this
part of the light spectrum to reach full growing potential. The intensity
of the light is also important. A light that feeds the full bandwidth with
all light spectrums will work very well - like sunlight. When dealing
with artificial lights it is better to choose a light that concentrates its
intensity on the top part of the spectrum. The most common indoor
light systems are called HID lights. We will discuss the full range of
lights that you may come across in some grow rooms.
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POOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Domestic Lights:
Figure 5.6 - A domestic bulb. Also called
an incandescent light source.
These are the lights you find in use around your house. These
lights come in all sizes and wattage - 15 watts to 150 watt. These
lights are not suitable for growing because of their low light intensity
and bad color spectrum.
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AVERAGE LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Fluorescent Tube Lights:
Figure 5.7 and 5.8 - These are examples of some fluro fixtures and
bulbs that can be bought in most hardware stores.
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These lights are the long industrial lights that are found in
many a school and work place. These lights come in nearly all lengths
and sizes. 2 to 10 feet are the main sizes that are out there. They also
run between 10 watts and 300 watts. These lights are okay for growing
but they provide little light and are hard to set up properly. They also
are not in best light spectrum for Cannabis plants to grow in.
Halogen Lights:
Figure 5.9 - A Halogen light.
Halogen lights are the small lights that can be seen on the
outside of factories for flood lighting the grounds during the night.
They are usually small and black. These lights can range anywhere
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between 75watts and 4000watts.
Halogens get extremely hot and can provide an unsuitable
condition for growing Cannabis under. They are not recommended
because they are dangerous to use indoors for growing. They are also
not in the best light spectrum for growing Cannabis.
Fluorescent White Tube Lights:
These are not in use much and are very similar to the
Fluorescent lights except they are in the correct growing spectrum.
These lights are not very strong and do not range much above
100watts. They are only recommend for growers who do not want to
grow full flowering cannabis plants.
Figure 5.10 - White Tube Light.
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BEST LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Horticultural Lights:
These lights are professional horticultural lights. They are
developed by horticultural lighting companies and are tested to suit
growing plants indoors. These lights are commonly called HID (High
Intensity Discharge). Like the former lights these also come in kits
with bulb, reflector, ballast and timer. They also come in different
wattage and different shapes and sizes. If you want to grow good bud
then you need a HID. A HID is the second most important purchase
you will make next to choosing your strain.
Metal Halide (MH) and Mercury Vapor (MV):
The lights are HID lights and are used for the seedling and
vegetative growth stages of your plant. They can also be used for
flowering and are quite good too. They come in all shapes and sizes
and range from 75W - 4000watts. These lights are very common and
are a good kit for the indoor Cannabis grower.
Mercury Vapor is not as common as it used to be. It has
almost been replaced byMetal Halide now. If you have a choice
between the two it is best to stay with the new MH kits. MV also has a
tendency to be slightly out of the optimal spectrum range.
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High Pressure Sodium (HPS):
This is the lighting choice of many a Cannabis Cultivator.
These lights come in all shapes and sizes and have a range of 75watts -
4000watts. These lights are in the perfect spectrum for growing
cannabis and come highly recommended.
Figure 5.11 - This is an example of a HPS and also a MH Light
system. There is nothing at face value to Indicate that the light is a
HPS or a MH. To check this out we need to look at the ballast and the
bulb and read what is says about the type of light system that it is. MH
lights tend to give off a blue tone, while HPS tend to give off an
orange tone.
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WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN BUYING A LIGHT
The first thing to say is that some growers have a MH set-up
for seedlings and vegetative growth and a HPS for flowering. The HPS
is a better flowering lamp, while the MH is a better veg lamp. If we
can only afford one we should get a HPS. Both MH and HPS can be
used for vegetative growth and flowering. However since we are
growing for bud, we should try to get the best HPS we can.
The next thing they look for is the light kit itself. Check to see
that the light is certified and is in good shape. Then check to see if the
light is air-cooled. Some of these lights have a fan built in which keeps
the light cool. If you see this then you know that you are going to need
somewhere to vent your air. This may mean that you need to adjust a
wall in your grow area so that the air is extracted from the light.
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Figure 5.12 - This picture shows two air-cooled hoods attached to
their respective air ducts. This photograph is by Chimera.
Lights that are air-cooled (Figure 5.12) tend to last longer and
do not heat up your grow area that much. Most expert growers like to
keep a room at a stable controllable temperature and use these aircooled
lights to achieve that. If your light is not air-cooled then you
will have to build an air vent and fan in your grow room wall to keep
the temperatures under control. Cannabis leaves will burn if placed too
close to a HID light.
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Figure 5.13 - This is a water-cooled light system. These inventions
have been around for awhile but have not caught on that much
because they require a good bit of work. A constant pump of cool
water must be circulated into and out of the light system.
The next thing to check is how the light is supported. Does it
require a light stand or does it require to be hung from the ceiling. In
most cases you will be able to make your own stand if you feel that you
are not willing to fasten a few hooks and chains to your ceiling. Also
check to see if the electrical fittings suit your needs. Will they plug
straight into your system at home or do you need an adapter? Maybe
you might require an extension cord with your purchase. Most HID
kits can only take a specific wattage of bulb and a certain type of bulb.
If you have a 600W HPS system, then you should only use 600W HPS
bulbs. Some lighting kits have something called a 'switchable ballast'
(Figure 5.14). This means that you use both MH and HPS lights with
the system. Check your kit for further details.
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Figure 5.14 - This is a picture of what the switch looks like on a
ballast that can take 2 HID types.
The next thing to look for is the guarantee. Check to see what
the manufacturer has said about this light and how long the guarantee
is for. Last but not least is the most important part of your light. The
wattage and lumens.
WATTAGE AND LUMENS
HID Lights can range anywhere between 75W and 4000W. In
general the stronger the wattage the more light that bulb will produce.
However we must also consider another factor and that factor is called
Lumens. Lumens are the correct way of measuring how much light per
square foot a bulb emits. Lumens and wattage do go hand in hand but
can vary a large amount between systems. The better the lighting kit,
the better the lumens it will cast. Lumens have more to do with the
design of the light than the wattage of the light itself. Some 600W
lights may give the same lumens as a 400W light. Have a look at this
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chart:
This is interesting because we have two types of HPS lights
using the same bulb wattage and one of the types is casting more
Lumens than the other. The reason for this is that the higher lumens
kit is better quality than the other. So we now know that some lighting
kits produce better Lumens than others. Check through HID lighting
kits and look at how many lumens they cast. This is a good Indicator
of how professional that light is. Also a 4000W HID is too much for
any grow room. A 1K (1000W) bulb is the maximum light wattage you
should purchase. Use several 1K bulbs if you need more light. A 4K
bulb will bleach Cannabis and is very hot.
LUMENS AND MARIJUANA GROWING
Now for the big question. How many Lumens do I need? Well
this depends on three things. (1) How much do you want to spend? (2)
How many plants do you have? (3) How big is your grow area?
LAMP TYPE WATTS LUMENS
M.V 175 8000
M.H 400 36000
H.P.S 600 45000
H.P.S 600 36000
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You do not want to go less than 2500 Lumens, even for one
plant. You want to get the best so you need to hit the 45000 mark or
more. In general one light that casts 45000 lumens is enough to cover
a workspace of about 3 feet by 3 feet. This is quite an average space
and you will probably get anything between 6 - 9 plants in that area.
Again we must keep in mind the strain that we are growing. One large
Sativa plant can cover a 9 square foot grow area in no time. Short
Indica plants are different. You can get maybe 12 plants into a 9
square foot grow area. If you really want to pump up your plants then
you may consider a lamp that casts 100,000 Lumens or more. If you
want a bigger grow area then you may consider 2 lamps that cast
100,000 Lumens each. All is relative to how much you want to grow
and the size of your grow room.
Let's say for the record that we would like to grow 4 plants.
Then what we should aim for is a light that casts 45000 Lumens. This
means we should buy a 600-Watt HID system. Let's say we want to
pump up our available light to around 60,000 Lumens. This means we
should buy a 1000-Watt HID system. If our area is bigger we might
need 2 or more 1000-watt HID lights to achieve this. It is all very
respective to the 3 elements we mentioned above.
There is nothing wrong if you want to use a 1000-watt HID
light on 2 plants. They will grow bigger and better. The only thing is,
do we really want to spend all that money on the light and the
electricity bill? HID lights range anywhere between $220/£200 and
$700/£670 for a full kit. You may be able to buy the parts and build
your own, but this is only recommended if you have some experience
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with lights first. A 600W HPS kit should cost about $250/£230. This is
money well spent if you want great plants with big buds.
Over time you will understand more about grow rooms and
how to light them properly. With experience you should be able to tell
what light suits your needs. As a general rule, when in doubt buy a
400W HPS or better. Even a 250W HPS can get you good-sized buds
but go below that mark and you will only end up with less than
average results.
LIGHTING FACTORS AND HOWTO GET THE MOST
FROM YOUR LIGHT
The reflector part of the lighting kit can also cause a
difference in lumens cast between two different systems using the same
bulb. The reflector does it exactly what is says. It reflects light. The
other thing to consider is that when the light bounces off the reflector
it is going to fall down on your plant. When it does your plants will
absorb this light. Not all of the available light is picked up by the plant
and some of the light will escape and reflect off your workbench. Your
bench may even absorb some of the light. This is your light that you
are spending money on so why not try and do something about saving
this escaping light. Some reflectors are very good and some are very
poor. Reflectors should not be any color other than white or polished
metal. Some reflectors may have a small green film of plastic covering
their insides. Remove this if you can. It should just pull off like a piece
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of tape.
Many people get mirrors or tin foil and line their grow area
with it. This is NOT good. MIRRORS ABSORB LIGHT. This
means that only a small amount of your light is reflected back towards
your plant. What you need is something white. White is the best color
for reflecting light, period. Not shiny glossy white, just plain ‘flat'
white. A white wall will reflect more light than a mirror will. Many
growers like to paint the walls of their grow ‘flat' white. This helps a
lot. Other people like to line their grow area with the back end of tin
foil wrapping (the white side). This is okay, but make sure that you use
the white side and not the shiny side.
A substance which looks like a tin foil sheet, called Mylar
(Fig. 5.15), is very popular in cannabis grow rooms. Instead of using
white walls you can use this reflective alternative. Most DIY and
hardware stores will sell it in roles.
Figure 5.15 - Mylar comes in roles like this.
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Figure 5.16 - Mylar in the grow room by Shipperke
It is also recommend that you keep a spare bulb at all times in
case your other bulb dies. It is no good going down to the local
hardware store only to find that they are out of the bulb type that you
need. This could leave your plants without light for along time.
It is also wise to remember that plants need
water and lights use electricity. Both these factors when
mixed are extremely dangerous. Be safe and wise and
keep all electrical outlets away from your plants and any
liquids that you use.
Okay so you have your grow area set-up with all your security
arrangements met. You have your lights set up and hanging down over
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your grow area. You also have some form of light reflection around
your plants to help conserve your light. Your seed-bank has sent you
your seeds and you have germinated them. They are on a tray next to
you and you are preparing to transplant them into larger pots. The
larger pot will stay with the plant throughout its life cycle and you
need to provide the best medium possible in which your plant will
grow.
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Figure 5.17 - Nice Indica/Sativa plant from BushyOlderGrower.
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SOIL
Soil comes in many types and varieties. What you will find as
you go along is that you will add various ingredients to your soil to
improve plant growth.
The Cannabis plant will grow long and winding roots into the
soil. These roots absorb water and other minerals from the soil to help
it grow. The soil also goes through dry periods when you do not water
your plant or when the plant has absorbed most of the water. During
these dry periods air is allowed to creep in between the soil particles,
allowing the roots to breathe.
There are 3 main factors to look at when buying soil. (1) pH,
(2) Nutrients and (3) Structure.
pH
pH is a way of measuring how much acid and alkaline is in
the soil. The pH scale runs from 1 - 14. 7 is neutral, 0 is very acidic
and 14 is very alkaline. Cannabis plants in soil like a pH of 7. When
choosing your soil you should be looking for a pH of 7. It should tell
you this on the bag. Going above or below this mark can cause your
plant problems during growth. Small pH meters (Figure 5.18) can be
bought in most gardening shops and can be used to measure the
overall pH of your soil.
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Figure 5.18 - This is a picture of two cheap pH meters that can be
purchased from most grow shops.
NUTRIENTS
The three major nutrients that are found in soil are Nitrogen,
Phosphorous and Potassium or NPK for short. NPK can come in two
forms - with the soil or as a stand-alone fertilizer (usually in a bottle).
When you look at the bag you will see that the % of each part is stated.
Such as 20:20:20. This means 20% N, 20% P, 20% K. The remaining
40% is just other elements that make-up the soil. In liquid it would
usually be water. This ratio can change between different types of
nutrient and soil brands so we need to understand what Cannabis likes.
Cannabis plants like good levels of N and a normal level of P
and K during vegetative growth. You need to pick a bag that has all
three, not just 10:20:0. When looking at chemical fertilizers you need
a mixture that has the first number higher or equal to the rest. 12-12-
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12 is fine, 20-20-20 is fine, 12-6-6 is fine and 18-4-5 is fine. The 12-
12-12 and 20-20-20 are the best ones to find. Something like 8-20-20
is not suitable for vegetative growth. Bags with higher P are for
flowering plants. As a grower we do not transplant to new soil for
flowering. We simply use plant feeds to bring up the P levels during
flowering.
STRUCTURE
Try to find a soil that is not too moist. In other words try to
find a soil that dries out well and does not hold water like mud. It
should say on the packet whether the soil is a wet or dry one. Try to
find a balance between the two. Wet soil will sometimes cause plant
damage because your roots need air to breathe. Dry soil may also dry
out too quickly and needs to be watered more often. Try to find a soil
that is loose and feels fine but slightly heavy in your hands.
Basically the soil structure is up to you. Do not buy anything
that is hard and bulky or too soft and weightless. Medium Soft and
heavy is what you want.
SOME COMMON SOIL TYPES
There are many more types of soil mediums out there and
here we will briefly go through a few. Marijuana can be grown in most
of these soil types but you will see that there may be some problems
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with a few of them.
(Also there is a type of artificial medium on the market called
Perlite. It is a good medium but does not come with any nutrients and
generally needs to be mixed with another soil type. Vermiculite is
another product like Perlite which should be treated the same way.
Mix them well with soil if it is your first time using them. With a bit of
experience you should be able to control the mixture ratios better.)
Sand and Silts:
Figure 5.19 - Sand.
Sand soils can be pure sand or a mixture of sand and soil. The
problem with sandy soil is that it drains water and minerals out too
quickly. This means that it is a very dry soil and not suitable for our
needs. These soils can waste our time and money.
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Silt soils are nearly the same as sand soil except they are more
clay-like and of a darker color. Silts hold nutrients well but do not hold
water very well. Like sands they are prone to quick drainage. Sands
and Silts are rarely used on their own to grow cannabis. Mostly it is
mixed with other soil types.
Clay:
Figure 5.20 - Clay
Is a stiff tenacious fine-grained earth consisting of hydrated
aluminosilicates that become flexible when water is added. Marijuana
roots do not really like clay. Clay can rarely be used on its own to grow
Cannabis. Mostly it is mixed with other soil types.
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Loam:
Figure 5.21 - Loam
Loams tend to be a mix of all of the above. The combination
of the mix is always stated on the bag. In fact, in most cases normal
soil that you buy in the shops has sand, silt and clay mixed in with it.
When you encounter a bag of soil it is nearly always going to be a
Loam. Loams are very fertile soil composed chiefly of clay, sand, and
humus. They are highly recommended. It must be noted at this point
that you do not want to bring natural outdoor soil in. This is because
the soil may not be sterile and it may contain bugs and pests. Always
buy soil from a gardening shop. Soil is the cheapest part of your grow.
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Humus:
Figure 5.21 - Humus
Is the organic constituent of soil, formed by the
decomposition of plant materials and can be bought in bags at the local
gardening shop. Most of these products try to eliminate bugs and other
living matter from the soil but sometimes this is not 100% successful.
Don't be too surprised if you find a worm or green fly in the package.
Humus is also sometimes known as compost, but compost is the final
mixture of manure (which is of organic origin), loam soil and some
other mediums with added organic matter. Humus is that added
organic matter stuff.
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POTS
Figure 5.22 - Plant in three gallon pots by BushyOlderGrower
Basically pots come in all shapes and sizes. Marijuana plants
are best kept in pots that are somewhat large (1.5 - 3 gallon pots)
because cannabis does grow long roots.
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Also you are better off buying a pot that has some form of
perforations (holes) at the bottom. The perforated pot sits on a small
dish (you should be able to buy these at the same time you buy your
pots). When you water your plant some of the water may drain down
through the soil and come out through the perforations and into the
dish. The dish should be emptied if this happens to avoid water spills.
More advanced growers use pots that do not contain
perforations at the bottom. This is because advanced growers never
water or feed their plants too much. If you over-water your plant, these
perforated pots will drain some of the water through to the dish. What
happens is that the water may also leech down some of the nutrients
that you have added to your soil. Over-watering can cost you time,
wasted nutrients and even kill your plant.
Before you use a pot make sure that you clean it thoroughly
before use to get rid of any unwanted chemicals or dust that may have
gathered in the shop or factory.
Pots are very cheap to buy. It is always best that you only use
one pot per plant. If there is a problem with the soil, watering or
nutrients then only one plant will feel the effects.
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Figure 5.23 - Picture by Chrisesq.
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Figure 5.24 - This is a great picture of a method known as doublepotting
which helps create a thicker stem. During vegetative growth
the bottom of the top pot is cut away and is placed on top of a new pot
with fresh soil. The roots grow down into the next pot. Look at the size
of the cola in this picture by GIYO.
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CONTINUING YOUR INDOOR SOIL GROWING
So at this stage you now have the best soil that you can get
your hands on. You take the seedling and make the transplant. You fill
in the empty areas of the new pot with more soil. You pat down the top
of soil lightly and you apply the stake if needed to support your plant.
You also add a small amount of water to your pot and you place the
pot on the bench under the light. You will leave the light on 24 hours a
day and watch as your plant grows over the weeks from its seedling
cycle to its vegetative state.
Figure 5.25 - A Picture of seedlings finishing their seedling stage and
going into vegetative growth. By Vic High.
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Figure 5.26 - Top shot of an Indica plant in veg by Ralpheme.
INDOOR VEGETATIVE GROWTH
During your plants vegetative cycle it will begin to grow
quickly and produce more leaves and new branches. The stem will also
grow thicker. This is when your plant begins to look like a marijuana
plant.
WATERING
Water your plant ever second or third day or better still when
they dry out. Never let the soil dry out completely for long periods of
time. The following method works best with good size pots.
Day A - watering, Day B - let dry, Day C - let dry, Day D - check soil
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and water if needed.
This really does depend on the size of your pots though. If you
pick up your pot when it is dry and pick up the same pot when it is has
been watered, you can tell the difference in weight. This is a good way
to judge if your pots need water or not.
It is easy to see signs of over-watering. Watch your plants
after you have watered them for the next 2 - 3 days. Do the fan leaves
point outwards to receive more light? Or do they wilt downwards and
look like claws. If they wilt then you may be under-watering or overwatering.
Check the soil. Is it dry? If it is then add more water. If it's
wet, then leave the soil dry out for more time until your leaves pick up
again. You will eventually understand more about your plants needs as
it grows along. What you need to do is form a pattern or relationship
with your plants watering needs.
Over-watering does kill plants if the watering continues. If
this happens let it dry out and hope for the best. Use a fan near the
surface of the soil if you can. You may find that you need to water
everyday because your light may be discharging a lot of heat and your
soil might be a quick draining type.
Your plant needs all the light it can get in vegetative growth.
Leave your light on 24 hours a day and enjoy watching your plant as it
grows.
ADJUSTING YOUR LIGHTS
If you have a good stand or light support you will be able to
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lower or heighten your light. This is great because the closer your light
is to the plant the more light it will receive. However make sure it is
not too close or it will burn your leaves. If you can keep your hand at a
certain area under the light and not feel discomfort then your plants
should do okay too. If you feel discomfort, so will your plants. Use
common sense and adjust your lights accordingly.
Some Cannabis plants can grow as fast as an inch a day! So
you need to watch out that your plant does not push up against the
light. Be safe and know your plants grow rate before attempting to
place your light very close to the plant.
If you do suffer a burn use a pair of clippers to remove the
burnt areas. This is only advised for light burns and not for soil or
nutrients burns.
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Chapter 6
THE BASICS OF
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
By now you have managed to set up the basic environment in
which your indoor plant will grow. As a gardener you have total
control over that environment and need to make sure that it meets your
plant's needs.
SOIL CONTROL
As your plant grows through its life cycle it begins to absorb
some of the minerals from the soil. When it does remove minerals it
adds some waste material of its own. We have said before that
Cannabis plants like a steady pH of around 7. The removal of nutrients
and addition of waste material on top of other factors may cause this
pH to increase or decrease.
pH CONTROL
It is always good to check the pH at least once every week for
plants that grow in soil. It is also good to check the soil's pH a day or
two after you feed your plant. A pH test kit can be purchased in most
grow shops. The electronic test kits can be a bit expensive though. If
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you find that your soil's pH has shifted out of the 6 - 8 range you may
want to try and bring the pH back to 7. Again, below 7 is acidic and
above 7 is alkaline. There are two ways to do adjust the ph of the soil.
The first is called a soil flush and is not recommended but may be
needed under certain circumstances such as serious pH fluctuations
and chemical burns.
SOIL FLUSH
A soil flush is a last resort ‘time to save our dying plant'
maneuver. You only resort to a soil flush when all else has failed. Let
us pretend for a moment that you have a soil that holds a lot of water
and you want to feed your plant. You take out your favorite feeding
bottle and you decide that you want to add it straight to your plant and
then pour water in after.
This is never recommended! Always mix your food with
water in a container and then use the container on your plant, such
as a jug or watering can. Try following the guidelines on the
feeding bottle along with the recommendations in the book. If not
the following story may happen!
So you open the cap and bend it over towards the soil. You
flinch, the bottle spills. The next thing you know half of your raw
feeding liquid has managed to find it's way into the soil. You curse
yourself that you did not follow the instructions. You grab your hair,
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‘What to do?' you say. You pick up this book and turn to this chapter.
You read about the soil flush and see that your plant now has a small
chance of survival. You know that all the raw chemicals will kill your
plant. All hope is lost. This is your last resort. Here is how to flush
your soil.
STEP A.
(1) Take the plant to a sink.
(2) Turn the plant on its side making sure that you do not break the
stem!
(3) If you think the stem will break then quickly find a long stick and
place it in the soil.
(4) Use a piece of sowing thread to tie the plant to the stick at several
points.
(5) Tape the stick to the pot.
(6) Tilt the plant on its side so that the top of the pot with the soil is
facing at an angle towards the sink.
(7) Watch the color of the liquid that runs out.
(8) Do this until all the liquid has poured through.
STEP B.
IF YOU HAVE HOLES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POT USE THIS
METHOD OTHERWISE USE STEP C.
(1) Pull your plant back up and sit it in the sink. Pour lots of water on
top of the soil.
(2) Wait until the water flows out the bottom of the pot. Look at the
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color of the flow.
(3) Repeat this process until the color of the water becomes clearer.
(The soil should get very muddy when you do this and some of the
mud will pass out with the water.)
(4) Once the water is clear tilt your plant on its side again and wait for
all the water to drain out. You may repeat this process several times. If
your feeding solution does not have a color then you should keep an
eye on the texture and smell of the solution that you are flushing out.
When this changes your flush has worked.
(5) Quickly take your plant to a warm dry area and wait for the soil to
dry out.
(6) Use a pH meter to test the pH of your soil.
(7) Follow step D.
STEP C.
IF YOU DO NOT HAVE HOLES AT THE BOTTOM OF YOUR POT
(1) You can use a screwdriver to make holes in your pot if it is light
and the plastic is not tough. You can always use thick masking tape
later to patch the holes closed. If you can do this then do and follow
step B.
(2) If you can not then you need to do an emergency transplant.
(3) Quickly set up a new pot and put in new soil leaving a large gap in
the middle where your plant will go in.
(4) Take your plant and use a knife to cut around the edge of the soil
as close to the rim of the pot as possible. Go as deep as you can.
(5) Put you fingers in down around the inside of the rim and pull the
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plant out of the pot. Try not to rip the roots.
(6) Hold the soil over the sink and place it down near the drain
holding it together with your hands. If your root mass is big you may
need help doing this.
(7) Turn on the water and let it run slowly down over the soil.
(8) Keep holding the plant for a number of minutes until you see a
change in the water that is coming out from the soil. Do not crush the
soil just hold it. It will get muddy and it will break up a bit, but this is
to be expected.
(9) When the water changes quickly place the plant into the new pot.
(10) Fill up the spaces with new soil and use a stick to prop up your
plant if needed.
(11) Quickly take your plant to a warm dry area and wait for the soil to
dry out.
STEP D.
(1) Every day measure the pH of the soil. If you have flushed your
plant properly it should return to the near 7 mark (given that the water
you use is a neutral pH of 7). In the meantime you can be reading
about how to change your plant's pH as directed on the next pages.
It is sad to say but very few plants do survive such an
emergency soil flush. The soil flush is, in its essence, over-watering
your plant to the point of removing most of the minerals and
ingredients in the soil. If your plant manages to pull through you have
done well. If your plant does not then you will know better next time.
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A soil flush causes the plant a great deal of shock and should only be
attempted as a last resort if your plant is dying and can not be cured by
any other means.
If your plant makes it, the plant may have sustained some
damage. If any of the leaves are burnt or look dead you can remove
them from the plant by clipping them away. Plants usually take about
2 weeks to get back to full health.
pH - bringing back to neutral from acidic:
If the pH of your soil is too acidic then you may want to bring
it back to a natural 7. What you need is Lime. Lime can be bought in
small containers from any grow shops. Just simply add some lime to
your soil the next time you water your plant. Only add small amounts
each time and then the next day use the pH meter to study the effects.
What you will find is that you will get to know your soil better than I
could describe here and know what it needs. Advanced growers know
how much lime they need to bump their acidic soil back to 7. They
know this by trial and error. This is one thing about cannabis growing.
The best cannabis growers grow good cannabis because they have
made many mistakes in the past. Learning is an experience and that is
why people enjoy growing. They like to learn more and experience
more. Don't let a bad growing encounter put you off.
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pH - bringing back to neutral from Alkaline:
If the pH of your soil is too alkaline then you may want to
bring it back to a natural 7. To correct this you need to make your soil
more acidic. Here is a list of ingredients that can each be used to return
your plants PH to 7.
-Cottonseed meal
-Lemon peels
-Ground coffee
-Some Fertilizers also are very acidic and can bring the pH down to 7.
When using this method always moderately apply the
substance and check the pH. Over time you will know what measures
to use. This is best left up to the grower as he/she will know how big
their pot is and how much should be added. Experiment a bit and learn
as you go along.
pH up / pH down:
These products are available in most grow shops. They
actually act as a pH agent for adjusting your soil pH. They only come
in two forms - pH up and pH down. More and more people are using
these chemicals to adjust their soil pH.
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NUTRIENT CONTROL
Remember NPK? Well, NPK are the primary ingredients that
are needed in soil for marijuana to grow well. NPK stands for
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. In addition to these there is
something called secondary supplements. Secondary supplements are
found within the soil but sometimes not all of them are there. The
secondary supplements are as follows. Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium),
and S (sulphur). CaMgS for short. There are also seven more
micronutrients. These are as follows: iron, boron, chlorine,
manganese, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.
These micronutrients are not extremely important for good
plant health, but the secondary nutrients and Primary nutrients are.
Check your bag to see if it has some secondary nutrients.
Sometimes a Ca, Mg, or S deficiency in the soil may cause
growing problems for your plant. If the soil is lacking one of these
factors your plant may start to display a nutrient deficiency. Mg
problems are common. To correct this feed your plant a 1/3 of a spoon
full of Epsom salts per 3 gallons of water every 3 - 4 weeks.
If your soil does not have these properties and you feel that
you are going to have future problems then simply find a feeding
product that contains these elements. Next time you feed your plant
you will be able to supplement it with these missing secondary
nutrients.
Micronutrient problems rarely show themselves unless there
is a problem with lockout. Lockout is a chemical reaction that takes
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place among the nutrients in the soil. It can occur if a large amount of
one single nutrient is added. This can lockout the other nutrients,
preventing your plant from using them. If lockout does occur then you
need to flush your soil.
FEEDING
Feeding is the process of adding to your soil what the plant
has taken out. You will only need 3 types of feeding solutions
throughout your plants growth. You will need a bottle of feed where
the NPK has equal or higher levels of N than P and K and you will
also need a bottle that has higher levels of P than N and K. The first
one is to be used during vegetative growth and the second is for
flowering. You will also need a third bottle of secondary nutrients.
Keeping a 4th bottle of micronutrients is also handy just in case.
You should only feed your plants when they need it. The
amount of feeds that you will use is relative to your growing conditions
and strain. Most plants only need to be fed every fortnight at 50% or
less than what it says on the label. Marijuana plants burn easily. So
never mix your solution at 100%. If it says use 1 cap full of feed per 3
gallons of water, then use 1 cap full per 6 gallons of water. Sometimes
you might even end up burning them using these low levels. This goes
for both flowering, secondary nutrients and veg feeds. You should
never have to feed cannabis plants once a day. During flowering
simply switch the feeding bottle over to the one with the NPK where P
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has higher levels than N and K. You may want to add secondary
nutrients once every 3 weeks to your grow. Epsom salts is a great way
of giving your plant Mg, which is probably the most important
secondary nutrient.
AIR
During vegetative growth and flowering, cannabis plants love
to get fresh air. Always keep a window open and let your grow room
refresh itself every day. The fresher the air the better. Also during the
dry periods, in between watering, the roots like to breathe. Fresh air is
always the best air. During winter you may want to reduce the time
you leave the windows open as the cold may stunt growth. Just refresh
the air in your room for 15 - 20 minutes during winter and close it
again.
If your grow is enclosed then use fans to extract the old air
and another fan intake to refresh the system.
HUMIDITY
Cannabis plants work best in the 40 - 80 percent relative
humidity area. rH (relative humidity) is the amount of water in the air.
Fresh air always is the best way to control humidity. If you have a rH
measuring kit you can judge for yourself how much fresh air you need
before hitting the optimum 60% level.
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There are some expensive devices called De-humidifiers that
control humidity in the room. This is not recommended unless you
have a very large grow area underway. Just use fresh air and you can't
go wrong.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is controlled by any heating unit or natural
sunlight that your room receives. Normal households have suitable
temperatures for growing cannabis in. The best meter for temperature
control is the human body. If you find it is too cold in your grow room
then so will your plants. 75 degrees is what you should aim for.
Slightly warmer rooms do help plants to grow a bit quicker. Use a
thermometer to analyze your room's temperature. If too cold, turn on
the heating. If too hot, open a window and maybe even use a fan.
During the dark periods of the flowering phase the temperature is
allowed to drop down as far as 55.
C02 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
Plants enjoy C02 and release O2 during a process called
photosynthesis, but more 02 is released than C02. Since our plants
would like more C02, the grower can use a C02 generator to help the
plant's growth. C02 also helps grow bigger buds! Since room C02
levels in general are low the plants can use a bit more. You can buy
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C02 systems in some grow shops.
FANS
Figure 5.27 - This is a regular squirrel cage fan. These fans come in
all sizes and can be bought in most hardware stores.
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Fans can be placed quite close to mature marijuana plants.
Cannabis plants like the wind if it is a slight breeze because it helps
them to develop stronger stems and branches. Also fans circulate the
air around your plants.
Fans help create an environment which makes the plant think
that it is outdoors. Get a fan if you can. It is worth it and will help you
grow a better plant!
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Chapter 7
PRE-FLOWERING AND FLOWERING
THE END OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH
By now you have managed to set up the basic environment in
which your indoor plant will grow. You have your plants in some pots
under a grow light with some white surfaces nearby and some fresh air
in the room. You have also been watering your plant properly and you
have been adjusting the pH and nutrients in the soil.
Everyone makes mistakes on their first time growing. Very
few get to this stage without problems, so don't feel too bad if you did
not get it right. Growing marijuana is like riding a bike. Once you get
it, it is hard to forget.
You have been adjusting your lights and watching your plants
grow. If you have not had any problems your plants should have a
number of nodes and a small leaf mass at the top of your plant which
you know is going to form the next set of leaves and branches.
Your leaves should be flat and stretched out. If they are, then
your plant is enjoying its environment. If not then maybe you should
consider turning to our problem solver chapter to see what has gone
wrong.
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You have been watching the height of your plant every week
and now the plant is becoming more like the picture of the strain that
you viewed in the seed-bank brochures. Then one day you notice that
the plant is not growing much taller anymore. It seems to have
stopped. You take a closer look and see that there appears to be small
new growths at most of the nodes between the stem and the branch.
This is new to you. These have not developed before so you ask
yourself, “what are they?”
Your plant is now reaching the end of its vegetative stage.
These small new growths are going to produce more leaf, branches and
FLOWERS. The plant is now entering its Pre-flowering stage.
PRE-FLOWERING
Now is the time when you should be hoping for as many
females as possible and that all your work has not been in vain. You
closely look at the new growths (Calyx) to see if you can identify your
plant's sex, but it is still too early to tell.
The early stages all look the same you say? What should you
do now? You do not know? You will have to wait and see.
There are three things that can reveal your plant's sex early
on but these are not 100% accurate. They are more of an educated
guess. So remember these methods can fail to be accurate but most of
the time they are a good indicator.
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First Early Sexing Method:
If you have been growing the same strain and all the seeds at
the same time, then you may notice that some plants are taller than
others. This is a sign that the smaller plants are female and the taller
ones are male.
If you want too, you can separate your plants into two sections
in order to see how good your guesswork was when you do finally
identify sex. The other thing to know is that male plants in general
start to pre-flower before females. If you have taller plants that are
producing new growths before the smaller ones, then the taller plants
are probably male.
Second Early Sexing Method.
A good way to identify plant sex at early date is to look at the
calyx with the aid of a very fine magnifying glass. (See last page of
this book for pre-flowering/calyx illustration)
If the calyx is raised on a small short stem then it is probably
a male. If the calyx is not raised on a small short stem then it is
probably a female.
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Third Early Sexing Method.
Force-flowering a cutting is probably the best early sexing
method out there. Simply take a cutting from the plant that you want
to sex and place the cutting in a cup of water or into a cloning medium
such as rockwool. Give the cutting 12 hours light and 12 hours total
darkness. The cutting will flower and display its sex. Clones will carry
the exact same genetic make-up as the plant it came from, including
sex.
These methods are NOT 100% accurate but will help you to
understand more about the visible differences between male and
female plants. In a moment we will explain how to identify sex
properly and completely.
THE PRE-FLOWERING TIME
Your plant will Pre-flower between 1 and 2 weeks and during
this period the new growth regions begin to change shape depending
on whether the plant is male or female. It is during this shape change
that you can properly detect your plant's sex.
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WHEN TO FLOWER?
Pre-flowering is a sign that your plant is mature enough to
start flowering. As a grower you have a simple choice to make. Do you
want to flower now? Or do you want to continue vegetative growth?
Here are a few facts before you make that choice.
- Some cannabis plants can be kept alive for up to 10 years by simply
keeping a light on the plant at all times. These plants will grow to a
certain height and then form into a bush. It will then eventually stop
producing branches and will spend the rest of its life growing new
leaves to replace the old ones.
- Bud production is not equal to the height of your plant. Bud
production is equal to your growing environment, your strain's genetic
make-up and the amount of nodes that the plant has. All nodes are
potential bud areas, but every strain has a genetic threshold for bud
production.
- It is possible to get more bud with lots of plants which are flowered
as soon as they are mature (which also keeps them shorter and
smaller), than extending vegetative growth with less plants until they
reach their maximum height and size. The time frame for the shorter
option may also produce more bud turnover per annum.
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Figure 7.1 - A Picture of a large indoor grow by Vic High.
Keeping these things in mind, you can either choose to flower
now or choose to keep your plant growing until it reaches its size
threshold before you start flowering. If you take the longer route then
prepare to have the space for it, because when you flower most
cannabis strains they can sometimes more than double in height and
width.
If you have pre-flowers and want to flower you only have to
do one thing. You must put your plants under a 12/12 schedule.
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Figure 7.2 - A Picture of an indoor grow by
Mia Stoner.
THE ALL-IMPORTANT 12/12!
Most people never get good results or bud quantities from
cannabis plants because they have never heard of 12/12.
12/12 is easy to explain. Cannabis plants grow outdoors
naturally between the months of April to October/November. This
means that towards the Sept/Oct/Nov dates the plants will be in
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flowering. During this time the days get shorter and the nights get
longer. When this occurs the plant is under 12 hours of light and 12
hours of darkness. When this 12/12 PHOTOPERIOD occurs the plant
is naturally stimulated to flower. If the 12/12 continues then the plant
will produce its flowers. As long as 12/12 continues the flowers will
grow larger and more plentiful. This is part of the cannabis plants
evolution and how it has taught itself when to flower. Naturally as a
grower we want lots of flowers so we need to put the plant through a
light cycle of 12/12. This means that we must turn our lights on and
off at these given ratios.
During pre-flowering you will either manually turn on your
lights for 12 hours and turn off your light for 12 hours everyday or you
will use an automatic timer. If your light comes with a timer set the
timer to do this. Throughout the 12 hours of darkness it is best to keep
your grow area as dark a possible. A small desk light at the other side
of your room will cause your plant not to react properly to 12/12 which
will result in continued vegetative growth. In fact any light that
penetrates the darkness will stop your plants from flowering properly.
That means that your grow room must be sealed to the point where it
is completely light proof. If you want to learn how to do this perfectly
then I suggest that you read up on 'Photography Dark Rooms', either
on the Internet or in your local library. Photographers use common
items that can be bought in most hardware shops to make their filmprocessing
rooms light tight. If you can replicate their ideas (basically
a thick black screening around the doorframes or any open light
points) then you will have a great system for flowering plants in. I
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think most of you would have done this by now anyway if you listened
and took the advice on covering your grow with either Mylar or white
walls/boards. If you have prevented any light from leaking out, then
you have prevented light from leaking in!
Problems with 12/12
If you switch to 12/12 before pre-flowers have shown then you
may encounter the following problems.
- Stress related sex problems (Hermaphrodites).
- Abnormal bud growth.
Stress related sex problems MIGHT produce hermaphrodite
plants. The stress of what is sometimes called "early flowering" (it is
not really early flowering, there is no such thing as early flowering.
We will explain this in a moment) triggers the plant into a situation
where it thinks that its chances of reproduction are slim to none. That
situation is a condition called - 'self-pollination'. It does this by
producing both male and female flowers on the same plant. The male
flowers then pollinate the female flowers which will eventually
produce seeds. The reason for this is that the plant notices that the
photoperiod is irregular and that it should no longer be in the
vegetative cycle but in flowering. This shocks the plant into a last
ditch effort to receive pollen because it feels that it has missed its
chance to receive pollen already (in the wild males release their pollen
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just around the time that females begin to flower and sometimes even
before that).
Figure 7.3 - This is what hermies look like. Notice that both
male pollen pods and female pistils are present on the plant. They are
hard to see and you should check your female buds every week for
signs of any male flowers. 1 and 2 indicate the hidden male flowers.
You should be able to see their lumps in this photograph if you look
close enough. Picture by Rasta Linus.
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Figure 7.4 - Here is another shot of the hermie condition. The male
pods are not clearly visible when they first develop and this is why
checking for them is a must. Picture by Rasta Linus.
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Figure 7.6 - These series of shots also show
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the hermie condition clearly. Picture by Rasrta Linus.
Hermies cause problems because they may carry the hermie
trait with their offspring. In fact, genetically the hermie will only
produce female seeds and hermaphrodite seeds. It will never produce a
male seed. If you have ever seen all female seeds been advertised by
seed-banks then you should have the right to know that these seeds
come from female plants which are stressed into producing male
flowers. The plants then self-pollinate themselves and the results are
female and hermaphrodite seeds. In a special case a female known as
an XX female will produce more female seeds than hermaphrodite
seeds. That is how female seeds are created. In general growers try to
keep away from any hermie plants because they will spoil a Sinsemilla
crop. Also having pollen floating around in your grow room from a
hermie plant will spoil everything else including breeding projects.
Abnormal bud growth is a side effect of this. Because the
plant produces male pollen sacks in with female flowers you may
notice that the bud looks different. Also the quantity of female bud
produced is decreased because of pollination.
Early induced flowering is not technically forcing your plant
to flower. If you force flower on one strain that has not pre-flowered it
will flower at roughly the same time as an exact copy of the same
strain which has been flowered only when the pre-flowers appear
naturally. Force flowering simply acts by stressing the plant into a
crisis condition.
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Get the best out of your plant and wait until your plant starts
pre-flowering before switching to 12/12.
Keep feeding and watering your plant as normal. Pay
attention to the flowering areas as they begin to grow. At this stage you
may want to switch to your flowering feeds. Soon you will be able to
see your plant's sex.
THE MALE/FEMALE THING or HOWTO SEX YOUR
PLANTS
You now have spent time and money on your plants. You
have grown a small selection in the hope that you will get some
females out of them in the end. If you end up with no female plants out
of 15 seeds then send the seed-bank a letter explaining how out of the
15 seeds 15 where male. If you are lucky and sincere in your writing
then the seed-bank may send you some free seeds or give you a
discount on your next order. Seed-Banks or breeders are not
responsible for male/female ratios. It simply is not under their control.
People get 100% females and others get 100% males, but it is rare that
such a thing will happen. To get 5 or more females in a pack of 15 is a
good thing.
Here are some pictures of male and female plants.
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Figure 7.6 - This is a picture of a male plant. You can see the male
pod clusters clearly. The picture is by the 'Chronic Couple'.
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Figure 7.7 - This is a female plant by BigIslandBud.
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Notice how the female produces little white hairs and the
male produces little ball like shapes. This is the definitive male/female
telltale factor. Do not kill away any plants before you see these flowers.
It is the only time that you can really say for sure if the plant is male or
female.
FLOWERING
If all things have gone well and you have taken good care of
your plants, you will now enter the flowering stage of the plant's life
cycle. You have removed and maybe killed off the males. You now
have a number of females to work with. This is going to be the most
important time you will spend taking care of your plant.
The male plant produces pollen sacks which, when ripe, burst
and scatter pollen to the female plants. The female plant produces
white hairs at the internodes and top cola (head) of the plant during
flowering. These hairs (pistils) begin to curl slightly and grow longer
and thicker. The top cola should carry the most pistils. These pistils
are sticky too touch (do not touch them too much! they also contain
your much wanted THC) and begin to cover in resin over the flowering
period. The reason for the stickiness is that it is used by the female to
catch falling pollen. If the female plant is not pollinated she will try to
grow more sticky areas. Hence the results of a sinsemilla
crop........Bigger and Better Buds!
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Figure 7.8 - Picture by BushyOlderGrower.
During the strict cycle of 12/12 she will eventually reach a
peak period of flowering. Along with the flowering cycle the plant will
also fill out more. More leaves, more branches and more flowers. Your
plant will start to almost take the shape of a Christmas tree. The lower
fan leaves will be stretched out to the max in order to receive the most
light. Running upward in a cone shape she will get tighter
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with floral and leaf development.
During the peak period of flowering the female pistils on the
flower's tips will swell up. When the swelling takes place the pistils
will begin to change in color. They will generally change from a white
to an orange tint to a red tint to a brown tint. All strains are different
but in general it is a white to red or a white to brown color change (It
is best to use the breeder's recommended flowering times for harvest
guidelines though). When she does this you are ready to harvest her
and sample your favorite herb.
Each strain does have their own flowering times and each
strain also may have a different color tint when they reach a flowering
peak.
We will talk more about harvesting in another chapter.
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Chapter 8
ADVANCED INDOOR SOIL BASED GROW METHODS
New ways of improving your plants yield have crept up over
the years or so and some of them have become quite popular. The three
most common new types of indoor growing are SOG, ScrOG and
Cabinet growing. These are basically ways to grow seriously large top
colas.
These methods do not have to be soil based, one can use
hydroponics instead but soil is generally the most widely used medium
with these set-ups.
The idea behind these methods is that the bottom branches of
indoor cannabis plants do not catch much of the light cast from the
HID and are not that good to smoke either because they are fan leaves.
So why not create an
apparatus that concentrates on the top part of the plant. In most cases
the cola is going to produce the most bud so why not try to get that
part of the plant to grow really big. So along came the idea of SOG,
which is also called Sea of Green.
SOG
A SOG set-up can be any size but must maintain a certain
overall shape. First of all you need to grow some plants normally first.
Wait until you see flowers and then select the nicest female you can
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find. Take cuttings from this female mother plant and grow the
cuttings out until they have roots. When you do take multiple cuttings
try to create as many plants as you can fit into your grow set-up. In
SOG grows we are looking a 1 plant per square foot or even one plant
per 0.10 square feet. So that should be a good estimate as to how many
clones you will need. Now, we want to look at pots here first. What we
really need are tube shaped pots or pots that have a longer depth than
width. You can make these yourself or buy these pots in the store. All
we want to do is pack in as many pots with plants as we can into the
SOG grow chamber. It is just a big cluster of pots with clones. The
clones are planted all at the same time. No more new plants are
introduced into the SOG grow room. When they have reached your
desired height (keep it small), they should be flowered. Because the
clones have been taken from a mother plant, the clones will carry the
age of the mother plant with them. Since we took them from a
flowering mother they will start to flower as soon as we start 12/12.
The final harvest result will be a full canopy of bud, hence the
name Sea Of Green. Because you are using clones you only have to
grow the clones out for the remainder of their flowering times. This
means you can have a large bud quantity turnover ever 2 months.
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Figure 8.1 - An example of a ScrOG by 'A Merry Caner‘.
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ScrOG
This is like a SOG (Sea of Green) grow except fewer plants are used in
conjunction with a screen to fill the grow area out with heavy top
colas, hence its name - ScrOG (Screen of Green).
This screen is simply a large wire mesh put between your
light and the plants (Figures 8.1 and 8.2). Again clones from a female
plant are used like in the SOG method, but we allow at least 1 square
foot per flowering plant in the ScrOG method.
The plants are not flowered until as such time as they have
covered the entire mesh with green. As the plants grow up through the
wire mesh they are trained and worked around the netting to form a
very even canopy. The top colas and side branches are all trained
under the screen.
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Figure 8.2 - Another basic ScrOG grow. Picture by Rattdog.
There are many variations of the above two methods. They all
still contain the same principles. SOG and ScrOG's were originally
set-up to get the most out of poor quality fluorescent lights. Today's
growers (since HID's came along) with a 600 watt HID bulb have
literally taken these set-ups to a new level.
The veteran fluorescent user would line the roof of the shelf
or the box with fluorescent tubes to try and get the most out of their
grow with this method. Now with HID lights they can really push their
buds to the limit. Some people even grow top colas that are the size of
soda bottles or large corncobs!
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Figure 8.3 - This picture shows a ScrOG variation. It is a small ScrOG
set-up for a cabinet grow. This picture also contains a Homemade
Octagonal Vented Hood for a 250W HPS light. Picture by Foz
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SCROG GROWING
By REALHIGH
RealHigh is a ScrOG lover and has been growing ScrOG style
for some years. He has added a bit to the ScrOG method through his
experience with the process. This should help you understand more
about the ScrOG method and what people have learned with this new
technique.
This is like a SOG (Sea of Green) grow, but a screen is used
to train the plant to grow horizontally creating a canopy of buds
beneath the light. The screen is simply 2” chicken wire, or 2” nylon
poultry fencing, or one can use hooks and 20 lb. fishing line to make
their net.
The screen is at a set height above the plant medium. This
height varies from 8” to 24” depending on the light type you are
using. The light should be hung by chains and adjustable so that one
can raise it if needed.
Clones are used again like in SOG style, because we do not
want a hole in the canopy were a male was removed. This is why we
use female clones for SOG and ScrOG grows. It does not take as many
plants for ScrOG growing as compared to SOG. One should allow at
least 1 square foot per flowering plant in a ScrOG grow.
This method also takes anywhere from 1 to 3 weeks longer
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per grow because we will be in a vegetative stage longer than a SOG
grow.
The plants are trained to grow horizontally under the screen
until they are 2 weeks into the flowering cycle. At this point you let the
tops grow vertically through the screen. One should always train the
main growing tops to the outside of the screen. They always grow the
tallest, and we want the tallest to be on the perimeter of the screen. As
the tops grow vertically, push the large fan leaves down under the
screen, allowing the light to get to all the developing bud sites. If leaf
growth is excessive, one should first cut the finger in half making a
shorter leaf and allowing light to get to the bud site. Leaving half the
leaf on the plant still allows it to make energy for the plant to grow.
Taking a whole fan leaf away in one go can stunt growth.
In a week take off the rest of it. Some do not remove leaf at
all, but I do it to help with air movement, reduce chance of mould or
fungus, and to allow light to penetrate the bud sites. Just remember to
remove a little at a time if you do remove leaf.
At this point flowers are forming and growing vertically
creating a carpet of bud above the screen. Now we go below the
screen and remove all the lateral branches and stray bud sites. The
canopy has thickened up enough now that light is blocked from
reaching this lower growth. It is only sucking away your plant's
energy from the buds under the light. Remove all branches that have
not made it to the screen and the stray bud sites. We want the plant to
concentrate all its grow energy on the developing flowers above the
canopy.
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The main 3 differences between a SOG and ScrOG grow is
the number of plants grown, the screen, and the slightly longer grow
cycle of the ScrOG. Both methods can be done under the same light
and in soil or with hydroponics. There are many variations of the
ScrOG grow, but they all contain the same principles. There are the
V-ScrOG, Stadium ScrOG, Flat ScrOG, and the Cylinder ScrOG
grows in today's homes. I think you can picture what these look like.
They work the same way but just have a different shape.
One of today's strains has earned a place in the ScrOG
garden and this is C99. One will find a pure Indica or Indica
dominant cross will produce the best in a ScrOG grow. A good ScrOG
grow will average 2 ounces of bud per square foot of screen, but one
can not expect this the first few grows, for it takes proper timing and
the correct strain to accomplish this.
ScrOG was originally designed for grow area's limited in
height and fluorescent lights were used to light the grow area. Today's
growers are using HID (High Intensity Discharge) lights for growing
ScrOG. They have taken it to the next level with these lights and are
generating great results.
Today's grower is always trying some thing new to better the
production of their favorite plant.
So there we have RealHigh explaining to us how he has
worked with the ScrOG system. As you can see he has added much
more to the basic ScrOG than we have mentioned. All this comes with
experience, practice and experimentation.
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CABINET GROWING
To define this is going to be no easy task. A cabinet can be
your hot press, small closet, an old refrigerator, a box, a press, or a
simple cupboard will do. The grow area is usually small and can
accommodate 1 to 4 plants at a time. The idea behind a cabinet grow
(Figure 8.4) is to keep a cycle of plants growing at all times. There are
three things a cabinet needs to get started, and these are:
-The Cabinet
-A Light
-An air vent with fan.
Most people simply set up their lights so that it is adjustable.
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Figure 8.4 - A simple cabinet grow by n0.
They do this by using adjustable chains or a spring-type cord.
A large hole is made in the unit to allow some air to get in. Another
hole is made to allow air to escape. A fan is placed in one of the holes
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that will extract the hot air which is being generated by the heat from
the bulb. This vent and fan would be near the top of the cabinet near
the light. Hot air rises and that is why it is placed there up top. The
intake hole is on the opposite side of grow area and can have a fan in it
also. This fan is generally moving a bit quicker than the extractor fan
to allow a fresh supply of air to circulate before leaving the grow room.
The walls are painted flat white or Mylar is hung for
reflective purposes. The plants are usually placed in separate pots and
go through their entire life cycle within the cabinet environment.
Clones are taken from the plants and placed either on a second shelf in
the cabinet or near a window in your house. Some people have made a
small compartment in their cabinet for clones and germination. This
can be any size, but is kept small because you only want to just keep
the clones alive. This small compartment will probably have one or
two fluorescent lights in it for the clones. It would be best to keep the
compartment at the top of the grow chamber near the exhaust fan. You
do not need an intake fan for these clones unless it is a big set-up. A
simple hole in the side will allow the plants to breathe. After the
harvest, these clones are put into the grow room and the process is
repeated. It is a Perpetual Grow. The legal term is a Marijuana
Factory. You can harvest bud every 30 days if you have the right
strains.
Your light can be air-cooled in a few ways. The most common
way is to mount a 4" dryer flange on the hood and link from the hood
flange to the exhaust fan flange with a 4" dryer hose. A fan can be
mounted on the hood also.
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Figure 8.5 - This is a picture of a typical air-cooled system that can be
purchased in most grow shops that sell grow lights.
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Figure 8.6 - Nice Frosty Bud by 'A Merry Caner'.
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ADVANCED SET-UPS
As you can guess all of the above grow methods can be
shaped to suit the grow room. Many a cannabis cultivator have turned
entire rooms into a ScrOG or SOG grow. Size is totally up to the
grower. For those who are happy with 4 ounces of dried bud every
month a small SOG or Cabinet grow is the way to go. For those who
want a bigger yield to last all year then a large ScrOG grow may be
considered. Many a 5-ft. x 5-ft. ScrOG grower have delivered 30 to 50
ounces of Marijuana every 2 months. When conditions are at their
optimum level this can be achieved.
An expert's indoor grow room would look something like this.
14-ft. x 24-ft. area x 9-ft height. Several vertically suspended HPS
lights would hang from the ceiling. The roof, walls, and floor would be
covered in reflective material like flat white paint and Mylar. All
lighting fixtures would be met at a junction box on the wall. Ballasts
would also be attached to the wall. The plants would be placed on the
ground in large container buckets inter spread between the lights
hanging down. The room would also be completely light proof.
Multiple air ducts and extraction fans would take the hot air
out and pull the fresh air in. An Ozone generator would be in place to
kill the smell and cannabis odor. Other items may be in place such as a
CO2 generator, electrical generator, and even a light mover like a
Light Rail III. A Light Rail is a horizontal light mover and there is a
‘Sun Circle' that the lights suspend from that move the lights in a
circular pattern. This allows fewer lights to be used in covering a large
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grow area like this one.
Figure 8.7 - This is a picture of a Sun Circle
light mover.
That is about the bones of what a professional grow room
would look like.
PERPETUAL GROWCYCLES
The objective of the perpetual grow is to keep most of the
room flowering at all times. This means that while your plants are
flowering you will have an equal amount of plants in the vegetative
growth stage. So in essence, half the grow is in its vegetative stage and
the other half is in its flowering cycle.
As with most grow rooms, the grower will learn to make the
best use of his/her grow space. The room will become an intense hobby
area and a most rewarding one too. In time the grower may even begin
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to learn more about plant genetics and start to develop some strains of
their own breed and stock. Soon the grower may find himself or
herself entering competitions or even producing some of the finest
seeds available on the market. As you know seeds sell between $20.00
to $150.00 for 15 seeds. A breeder could soon find their hobby turned
into a nice little income maker. In countries like Holland, Switzerland
and Belgium seed production is already well underway. Canada is
establishing a business and even trade
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Chapter 9
HYDROPONICS
THE GROWER AND THE GROWING MEDIUM
As the grower begins to experiment with soil types and
mixing them they may begin to look at alternative growing mediums
such as rockwool or clay pebbles. These are mostly artificial grow
mediums designed to contain all the plant's mineral needs and allow
air to get the roots to promote good growth.
Figure 9.1 - This is a picture of rockwool in various forms. You can
see slabs and cubes in this picture. 'Grow Dan' is a popular brand of
rockwool.
In the early days of experimenting with artificial grow
mediums inventors found that plants just needed a suitable material
that holds minerals, performs some form of drainage and allows air to
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get to the roots. If they could invent a non-toxic medium then the plant
would surely grow as well as it would in soil. During most
investigations they found that the roots did not respond too well to the
mediums, but that the plant was receiving nutrition in every aspect
when the nutrients were added to the artificial medium by hand. To
solve this problem the inventors looked back into the history of
growing. They found that many Ancient Civilizations where growing
their plants directly in running streams. A light reed or bush was used
to keep the plants stems above the rushing water. Of course the
inventors knew that only certain types of plants could be grown this
way. Then someone had the bright idea of creating a small unit that
held water and had the medium and plant set-up in such away that the
medium would support the plant above the tank that would feed water
to the roots once they grew out from the medium.
Figure 9.2 - Rockwool cubes are excellent for cloning.
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Figure 9.3 - This is the underside of a hydroponics system. Notice the
root masses hanging down like fine clear strands. Root masses can
really grow long in hydroponics systems. This image is by Shipperke.
The method is called hydroponics and is a very successful
way of growing marijuana if you are looking for large bud quantities,
or bud all year long.
Hydroponics is the technique of growing plants without
soil, but rather in beds of sand, gravel, or artificial mediums that
are flooded with a nutrient solution.
Basically a simple hydroponics system consists of a pot, a
reservoir, a grow medium, a pump and a set of growth nutrients. The
system itself has a top layer and a lower layer. The top layer holds the
grow medium and the bottom layer holds the water with added
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nutrients. The plant is grown in the medium where it will develop a
stem and a set of roots. The roots will grow through the medium and
down into the nutrient solution. Water and nutrients are pumped into
the lower portion of the tank through a reservoir at certain timed
intervals. The plants drink the solution down and thus expose their
roots to the air more. If this it timed correctly and the growing solution
is maintained the plants will flourish! This is because the plant can
devote more of its energy into upper-body growth rather than putting
that energy into roots searching for water and air. Now having said
this, hydroponics produce massive root clusters and I mean a big mass
of roots. One can easily pick up a 2-gallon bucket full of root growth
from a single plant! This is because roots thrive in hydroponics
systems.
Hydroponics has become a fast growing trend in cannabis
cultivation. It does require a certain degree of maintenance, but the
results are sometimes incredible. On the other hand if a hydroponics
system is not well maintained the whole unit may fail and kill your
plants very quickly. This is the biggest problem that the hydroponics
grower has to contend with.
Hydroponics, when done correctly, can produce a flowering
plant up to 3/4 the normal time that it would take with a soil grow.
That is right! Hydroponics can grow bigger and better buds in 3/4 the
time it takes to grow the same strain in soil.
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HYDROPONICS SYSTEMS
There are many hydroponics systems out there but here are
ones that are most commonly used.
- Nutrient Film Technique - NFT
- Flood & Drain - Ebb & Flow
- Drip Irrigation System
- Aeroponics
- Automatic hydroponics Pots
- Manual hydroponics Pots
NFT
Figure 9.4 - This is a picture of an NFT system.
An NFT system is an all-in-one system. In other words the
reservoir which holds the pumps and nutrient solution is contained in
the same system. These systems are generally very flat and long. There
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is a constant flow of nutrients to the roots and back to the reservoir.
Figure 9.5 - This is a professional reservoir unit. It is light tight and
contains perforations for pump attachments.
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FLOOD & DRAIN - EBB & FLOW
Figure 9.6 - This is a popular Ebb and Flow system on the market
today. All hydroponics systems can be used to grow cannabis.
An Ebb and Flow is another all in one system that is
recognized by its depth. The grow medium is located above the
reservoir which pumps the nutrients and water to the roots at a set time
and rate. This means that during the day the plant will go through
spells of dryness. The nutrient solution is pumped into the medium
and is slowly drained back into the reservoir again. The whole unit
recycles the nutrient solution at timed intervals.
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DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The Drip Irrigation System is another all in one system that
feeds the plants individually. The plants are located in separate
chambers and the nutrients are fed to the medium by a small dripper.
The solution is drained through much like an Ebb/Flow system.
AEROPONICS
Figure 9.7- This is an example of an aeroponics system.
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Figure 9.8 - Aeroponics can be classified as a branch of hydroponics,
but in recent years it has become something of a method in a field of
its own.
These systems are generally expensive and are used by
professional growers. The unit itself can be recognized straight away
by its design. The plants are grown in a medium that is placed into
slots along a lengthy tube. The tubes can run anywhere from 1 meter to
20 meters in length. Inside the tube are nozzles which mist down the
roots of each plant with grow nutrients. The reservoir, which contains
nutrients, is kept outside of the tube in a tank. The nutrients are
pumped from the tank to the nozzles and then the remaining solution
that drips from the plants is drained into another tank that is normally
checked before being reused again.
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Figure 9.9 - An Aeroponics unit in use by Taffy Lewis.
Figure 9.10 - This is a complete aerokit with over 20 plants. Picture
by Taffy Lewis.
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AUTOMATIC HYDROPONICS POTS AND MANUAL
HYDROPONICS POTS
Figure 9.11 - This is an example of an automatic and manual pot
system.
These are pots that are used for growing one plant at a time.
In each pot a pump delivers the nutrients (or they are manually fed by
hand), into the bottom of the pot until the nutrients reach the roots.
The roots then suck up as much as they can until they are dry. Once
the roots are exposed the pot is fed with more nutrient solution again.
These units are good for the grower who wishes to grow big bushy
cannabis plants in a simple stand-alone unit.
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HYDROPONICS NUTRIENTS
This is the most important part of your hydroponics set-up.
Your mix and the choice of nutrients will depend on whether your
plant will die, grow, grow big, or grow very very big.
Nutrient solutions basically come in a number of different
forms. It is vital to check that the solution you use is the best for your
type of plant. Some solutions are for soil and can only be used with
soil. They contain the wrong elements for hydroponics use. There are
soil-based supplements/fertilizers and then there are hydroponics
nutrients.
Most hydroponics nutrient solutions are complete nutrient
solutions. They provide every element and compound needed for
proper plant growth. Because of this hydroponics nutrients are a bit
steep in price. Always spend your money on the correct nutrients
because any short cuts will lead to failure and kill your plant.
Single Packs:
If all the nutrients are contained in a single pack there is a
chance that the elements may combine and precipitate in the pack.
This may cause the solution to become unbalanced and is then
rendered useless to you and your plants. Keeping this in mind, get a
complete nutrient solution that is contained in several bottles called
‘Twin' or ‘Triple packs'.
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One brand name called Formulex has managed to hold all the
elements in a single pack using certain chemicals to prevent
precipitation. This pack is very good for starting clones or seeds in a
rockwool SBS tray. Formulex can be used in soil grows also.
Figure 9.12 - Formulex
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Twin / Triple Packs:
Figure 9.13 - This is an example of triple pack nutrients.
For best results the hydroponics grower should consider a
Twin or even a Triple pack. Basically the chemicals are held in
different packs to prevent precipitation. Optimum, Power Gro, Ionic,
and General hydroponics Flora Series are the most common multi part
nutrient solutions. The most popular one with cannabis cultivation is
the G.H. Flora Series, a 3-part system - Gro, Micro, and Bloom. An
experienced grower can adjust these nutrients to get optimum
performance from their plants.
These packs have instructions on the bottles explaining how
to mix down the nutrients into water, and can be broken down and
mixed weaker or stronger to the grower's needs.
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MONITORING RECYCLE SYSTEMS
Depending on what set-up you are using, you may find that
your solution goes through a system that uses the nutrients in the
reservoir over and over. As the plant extracts the nutrients and
minerals from the solution it will become depleted of its resources over
time. For this reason we must understand how to monitor our
nutrients. In today's world monitoring systems are a bit expensive. If
you have a ppm reader (TDS meter, Total Dissolved Solids) you can
understand how much of your nutrients have been used up and how
much more you need to add to reach the optimal nutrient level. All
reservoirs will become unbalanced and need replenishing. As a general
rule, an initial amount is used to fill the reservoir. As the plants use up
the solution, we top up the reservoir to maintain the initial level.
If you start with 10 gallons of solution then we need to top up
to that total of 10 gallons every few days.
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Figure 9.14 - Ppm reader (TDS meter).
If you do not have a reader you can still grow a good crop, but
it takes practice to get it right. If a cannabis hydroponics grower does
not have a ppm reader, then they tend to replace the reservoir more
often instead of topping it up. That way the grower is certain that the
new solution will contain everything the plant needs. If you have a
ppm reader then you only need to top off the reservoir as needed. PPM
(parts per millionth) readers can be expensive, but over time they will
help you save money on the cost of hydroponics nutrients.
HYDROPONICS GROWING MEDIUMS
There are many hydroponics mediums to use that your plant
will take root in. Rockwool appears to be the most popular and comes
in either slabs or cubes. These cubes vary in sizes from 1" to 6" cubes.
The slabs can be cut to suite the shape of your pot or container.
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Rockwool:
Many growers like to use the cubes for seed germination and
for rooting cuttings. This seems to be the easiest to use. Many growers
claim that rockwool should be pre soaked for 24 hrs in water with a pH
level of 5.6 (7.0 for soil grows). This is to stabilize the pH level of the
rockwool.
How to make up nutrient solutions:
Always follow the very simple instructions on the products.
All you need is a container to make up the nutrients in and the
nutrients themselves. Each of the packs should have A, B, and C
written on them. The mixture is usually 3.5mls of A and B and C per
liter of water. This is called a 100% strength mixture if you follow the
guidelines as stated exactly on the label.
Hydroponics pH:
After you have mixed up your nutrient solution you will want
to take a pH reading of it. If you have any problems, just like in soil
growing, you will need to adjust your pH level. Now, you do not use
the same method to adjust pH levels as described in the soil chapter.
For hydroponics you need to buy a pH Up and pH Down adjusting
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solutions. These are cheap and can be added to your solution to
balance the pH level.
NOTE:
Cannabis plants in a soil system like a pH of 7, but in
hydroponics systems they like a pH of 5.2 to 6.3. You will discover
it is easier to maintain a pH range and not a set level.
Figure 9.15 pH up and pH down products for hydroponics use.
Always check your hydroponics pH level as often as you can.
pH can slip up and down very quickly in hydroponics systems.
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Alga:
Alga is part of a large group of non-vascular mainly aquatic
cryptogams capable of photosynthesis.
Always keep your container away from exposure to direct
light, as alga will grow in the container if you do not. This seems to be
something of a problem because we grow plants under lights and we
may have a system that has to be sitting near the light so the plants can
grow properly. Most hydroponics systems have been manufactured
‘light tight' to eliminate this problem. If you built your own system
then you may want to keep your solution sealed from the light by using
thick black PVC tape to cover the lid and the entire reservoir. This will
help prevent alga from growing in your system.
If you do have alga growth then you need to clean your system
out. Wash the unit and replace the nutrient solution with a fresh mix.
Also try to find the source of the light leak and patch it up. Using a
thick black garbage bag works well to keep the light out.
Grow and Bloom:
Some of the double packs come in two different sets - Grow
and Bloom. Basically the Grow solution is used during the plants
vegetative stage and the Bloom is used during the flowering stage. The
Bloom formulas contain more Phosphorus and Potassium and less
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Nitrogen.
Other packs have a complete all in one function, but they are
lacking some additional extras.
Cannabis may find a lot of the nutrients that are mixed full
strength to be too strong and it will burn them. It is recommended that
when using any hydroponics formulations with cannabis that you do so
in MODERATION for your first grow. Many cannabis growers have
bought these products with anticipation of producing great buds only
to get great plant burns instead. It is best to start off with 30% strength
at first and then increase if needed.
Strengths:
Marijuana cultivators have found that full strength nutrient
solutions are not a good thing. In fact even medium strength formulas
have the power to burn your plants. Consult the information on the
packs, but in general 3.5 mls of A and B and C per liter is usually
called 100% strength. The same amount mixed with 2 liters of water is
50% strength. Marijuana can grow very well between 30% and 50%.
Never go full strength with your nutrients if this is your first time. Try
30% for the first attempt and see how your plants do. You will be
surprised at how rich a bud content you will produce with this amount
of nutrients. The most common problem associated with hydroponics
is plant burns. I have rarely heard of someone under-feeding his or her
plants in a hydro system. I have heard plenty of reports about
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overfeeding plants in hydro systems. Over time you will get to know
your strain and what it likes. The better you know your strain the
better you will be able to control your feeding amounts.
HARD WATER PROBLEMS
If you have scales in your bucket or what looks like kettle rust
then you have not been maintaining your pH level. Scale is caused by
very acidic pH levels. Your local water company will provide you with
a read out of your water. You can buy nutrient products to use with
hard water. If this problem persists just drain and clean your reservoir
and mix a new batch of nutrients to the correct pH level. Some use a
Reverse Osmosis water filtering system to clean their tap water.
Distilled water has a stable pH level of 7.0.
HOWTO KNOWWHEN TO ADD MORE NUTRIENTS
This is easy and not so easy. Beginners rely on a ppm meter,
but a veteran grower learns to read the plant. The plant will tell you if
is getting enough or too much or too little. It takes a few grows to learn
to read the plant but you can do it with experience. The plant may
have drunk all the nutrients up or just some of them. Some nutrients
are taken up by the plant and stored within the plant until it needs
more. A top up can be done if you do not want to change the reservoir
totally. If you do not have a PPM meter to calculate this accurately,
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simply write down your nutrients mix ratio from day 1. Let's say we
used 3.5 ml of A and B and C in a 1 liter drum. Now the plant has
drunk 1/2 a liter, now all you need to do is make another liter of 3.5ml
mix in another container and add 1/2 of it to the reservoir. This is one
simple way of doing it, but you are left with a half liter of solution, so
do your math and make a mixing chart so you can mix up different
amounts as needed. Local grow shops will help you most of the time
with any questions that you might have about their products.
CANNABIS AND HYDROPONICS
Growing in hydroponics is not rocket science. It is a simple
process which can vary from system to system depending on what kind
of a set-up you choose. Most of the nutrient mixes are explained
extremely well on the packs. If you follow their instructions and
remember that Cannabis only needs 30%-50% strength nutrients then
you will do just fine.
Over the years Cannabis cultivators have decided to try and
beat the system by building their own systems. There are over 100
different types of systems that can be made by hand at home. Out of
these 100, 15 have proven to be useful for cannabis. One of the more
famous simplest systems is DWC, Deep Water Culture, a.k.a "The
Bubbler". This system is very cheap to put together and yet still
provides excellent growth rates. There is nothing like it for the price.
The bubbler is a rewarding way to grow.
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THE BUBBLER
Figure 9.16 - A picture of a Bubbler with a young clone, by Strawdog.
Basically the bubbler is just a bucket with a lid and pump. But
the set-up is so extraordinary that it simply zings the plant into life.
This method can grow a plant from 5 ft. to 8 ft. (if not more), with
plenty of fresh buds as long as it maintained and managed well by you,
the grower.
Here is a list of what to you need to build the bubbler.
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The Bubble Bucket:
(1) Get two 5-Gallon buckets with lids. (Wash it out with bleach)
(2) Get a 6" Net pot.
(3) Cut a hole in lid of bucket so the net pot sits in neatly all the way
down.
(4) Cut a hole in the lid about 2cm in diameter near the rim (the pump
hose goes in here).
(5) Use Black gaffer tape to wrap the pot so it is light proof. (If light
gets in alga will
develop in the water. This is not good.) Wrap the lid as well.
(6) Get a fish-tank pump and air-stone.
(7) Get your medium together - rockwool, clay pebbles etc.
(8) Get the Nutrients and Mixes together.
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Figure 9.17 - A close-up of the net pot and lid by Strawdog.
Simply mix your nutrients together in the second bucket. Set
the air-stone in the center on the bottom of the first bucket and hang
the air pump somewhere above the water level on the wall of your
grow room. Use the hole in the lid to feed the airline through. Fill the
bucket up with the nutrients to a level were the net pot just touches the
solution. Turn on your air pump for 24 hours a day. That is it. The
pump will send air through the tube to the air-stone and it is released
into the water. The air bubbles the solution causing it to splash at the
surface wetting the roots and feeding the plant. Check the bubbler
everyday to see how much your plant has drunk. Let your roots get air
everyday by letting a root zone form. Let the solution level drop an
inch below the net pot. The net pot holds the cutting in rockwool and
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the rockwool is surrounded by the clay pebbles. Do not constantly top
up your reservoir, it is sometimes better to let the water level drop 1
gallon and then replace that gallon. Once a root mass has develop the
plant will grow like no other.
Figure 9.18 - A close-up of some early roots and underside of the netpot.
Picture by Strawdog.
Basically this set-up is just bubbling the nutrients solution
with the pump. The pump sucks in air from the room and this air
contains Oxygen that the roots need. As the unit bubbles the roots get
air, nutrients and water. The plant loves this and thrives.
When you want to change your mix you may have a spare
bucket that is the same shape and size. Simply swap the lid over with
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the plant, root-mass and air-stone into the new bucket. This is a great
little system that comes highly commended.
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Chapter 10
OUTDOOR GROWING
Figure 10.1 - Outdoor night shot of a flowering Cream Sodica
Cannabis Plant. Picture by n0. Plant by Breeder Steve.
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Many a smoker will say that the best cannabis they ever
smoked was outdoor cannabis. This says a lot about natural sunlight
and the outdoor environment. If you live in a climate that is warm
enough for tomatoes to grow outdoors then you have the climate to
grow some good weed. As an outdoor grower you may either choose
your own back yard or a guerrilla grow in a woods or field. We have
discussed this in a previous chapter before, so we will not go into what
the two types are here.
When you have found a plot that suits your needs you can
then start to prepare your plot. Seeds that are planted in untreated
ground will have a low germination rate. Also you need to think about
when to grow. The months of March and April are very good times to
start your plants because when your plants are mature and begin to
flower it should be about August to September which is just about the
time daylight hours start to decrease. So in April you want to find your
grow spot. Try to remove as many weeds as possible during your grow
plots preparation and do not leave heaps of earth around for people to
notice. Carry the earth away in bags if you have too. You can then
simply sow your seeds in the ground. Do not burry them too deep, a
1/2" to 1" is fine. You may choose to add some pre-made soil to the
patch which you have bought from the store. Again, find a soil with a
NPK value where N is higher than P and K values. This is helpful
because you will find that bag soil does not contain living masses or
potential living masses such as weeds. Even though you may have
treated your outdoor soil patch it may still contain seeds or spores from
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weeds and other plants. You will most certainly have to weed your
outdoor area nearly every week during the initial stages of the grow.
Figure 10.2 - Notice how in this picture that the
area has been cleared of major weeds. This plant has
little to no competition. Picture by Slowhand.
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After you have sown your seeds simply sprinkle some water
over them. That is all you need to do. It is that easy. You do not need
to adjust the soil pH yet or feed the soil. What you have done should be
fine for starting seedlings.
If Mother Nature does not provide water for your plants then
you need to draw water and feed your plants when they need it.
Some outdoor growers have got some cute ideas. Some
growers germinate their seedlings indoors and place them into pots.
They cut away the base of a pot and hold the bottom in using a piece of
cardboard and sticky tape. They then go to their grow area and clear
away the weeds. They then dig small holes and place the pots into the
hole, removing the piece of cardboard before doing so. They then cover
the edge of the pot so the pot can not be seen anymore. The roots will
grow down through the hole in the bottom of the pot and into the
surrounding outdoor soil. This method has the advantage that the
seeds have already germinated. If you are a really cute grower then you
will consider cloning all females and growing these in pots before
transplanting the pot and plant to the hole in the ground outdoors.
Amazing or what! You will have all female outdoor plants!
It is also a good idea around the second week of vegetative
growth to spray the area with some pesticide.
Cannabis growing is really fun because the more you know,
the more tricks you will invent by yourself to get the most out of your
yields. Some of the best cannabis growers are very exotic with their
grow methods. A number of people have even tried outdoor
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hydroponics to get their plants to grow bigger and better.
When growing outdoors you need to keep your plants in good
shape and free from any unwanted predators that may find your top
cola and leaves to be quite tasty. We will talk about this in the chapter
about pests.
CARING FOR OUTDOOR PLANTS
Weeding:
The best way to weed is buy hand. Do not attempt to add any
weed killer to your grow area unless you know more about the weed
killer you are using and how it reacts with cannabis. Some weed killers
say that they will protect your plant and only kill the weeds around but
this is not very agreeable with marijuana plants. If you want to test
weed killers then it is suggested that you may create a small patch with
one clone to see how the weed killer reacts with it. For now, do your
weeding by hand.
When you have weeded a grow area your plant will grow
much better without having to worry about competition for light.
Generally throughout the plants grow cycle you will have to weed the
patch every week for the first 2 - 3 weeks and then once every month
until as such time as the competition has been left truly and well
behind. Some grow areas may be weed free in March, but come June
the area may not seem like it has been weeded at all because of the
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speed of weed growth. Whenever you visit your plants make sure you
pull up a few weeds as it does help.
If you feel that your area is very dense with weeds then you
may consider a ground cover. A ground cover is basically a cover that
is placed on the ground with holes in it that the marijuana plant grows
up through. Covers can be anything from plastic bin liners to sheets of
paper. Of course this does not look good if you want to create a stealth
grow area, but it does keep the weeds down.
Figure 10.3 - Some outdoor seedlings by GrowerManiac.
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Watering:
This is Mother Nature's job most of the time. All your water
should come from the heavens. If you find that you have a drought or a
long warm spell during summer then you may wish to carry some
water to your grow area. If you have to trek over long distances then it
is suggested that you fill a sack with plastic bottles of water.
Some garden growers use sprinkler systems during dry spells.
This is great but again may attract unwanted attention that you do not
need.
How much water your plant needs depends on how big your
plant is. Some larger plants will require a minimum of a gallon of
water per day.
Natural loam soil will be able to hold water for anywhere between 4 - 6
weeks before becoming extremely dry under the sun.
Deep pockets of water may be held below the surface that
would not be noticed by the grower on the surface. The best way to
judge whether your plants need water or not is by the way they look. If
they are wilting badly, then they need water. If not, then they may be
okay. In general outdoor plants tend to wilt a small bit anyway during
the summer months. If you want to really make sure that your plant
has a water source underneath it, simply dig a small hole about a foot
deep to the side of your plant but keep an eye out that you do not hit
any major roots. Put your hand down inside the hole, does it feel dry?
Or does it feel cool and moist? If it is cold and moist then the soil has
stored some water below the surface. Your plants can drink this
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without problems.
Figure 10.4 - Outdoor rooftop grow by Inf3cted.
Nutrients can be added to the soil during the grow. Switching
to a P feed during the flowering weeks will also help. Outdoor soil
treatment is much like indoor soil treatment bar the weeding. For
further information on feeding check the indoor grow chapters.
If you have good sunlight and enough water then your plants
will grow throughout the full cycle quite well. During the end of the
flowering season you will be ready to harvest your plant and reap your
bounty.
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Figure 10.5 - Another Outdoor rooftop grow by Inf3cted. These plants
are not flowering yet because it is too early. This Sativa will start
flowering in a few months time though. The gaps will fill up with bud
and make the plant look full overall. Also this plant has been shaped
by careful pruning.
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Figure 10.6 - Outdoor bud shot by BigIslandBud. Look at the frost and
crystals on that cola. This plant is nearly ready for harvest.
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Figure 10.6 - This outdoor cola is ready for harvest. Picture by
NebuchadnezzaR.
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Chapter 11
THE BASICS OF PLANT CARE
Cannabis plants will grow like most other plants and will
eventually fill out into a Christmas tree shape towards the end of their
flowering cycle.
From its vegetative cycle to its flowering cycle the cannabis
plant develops in three most noticeable sections. The top cola, the midsection
and the base. The top cola will develop a large amount of bud
and generally is a very flower-full part of the plant. The mid-section
contains bud and stems along with old and new leaves. This section
will fill with buds that grow in between the nodes near the stem.
Although these buds will generally be smaller in size to the main cola
they should be just as potent. The bottom section of your plant will
contain the large fan leaves and a small amount of bud. Also towards
the bottom of the plant you will see some very small leaves that are
about to fall away and may look yellow.
Once a grower knows about the plant's different sections they
can treat each section to get the most out of their plant. The bottom fan
leaves are generally not smoked and are used only to gather light for
your plant. If your plant is growing under an artificial light source and
you do not think that these fan leaves are receiving much light then
you may think about cutting them away. This is NOT a good idea. Fan
leaves produce sugar that is used in bud production. If you cut away
the fan leaves you may cause your bud growth to stunt causing you to
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finish up with a smaller harvest. Leave fan leaves alone where and
when you can.
The only times when you should remove a fan leave is when it
is either dying, badly burnt or covering a large bud mass. In a SOG or
a ScrOG set-up you may want to remove a fan leaf or two because it is
covering the bud mass of another plant. Light is the probably the most
important factor in bud development and if the fan leaf is preventing
light from reaching the bud, then you may want to remove it. Read the
ScrOG section again about clipping leaves.
You should remove any dead leaves from the
bottom of your plant and throw them away. Never leave the dead
leaves on your soil as a fertilizer. These dead leaves tend to attract
unwanted pests.
Thinning:
This really only applies to outdoor growers, but some indoor
set-ups such as ScrOG, SOG and BOG may need to be thinned.
Growers like to grow their plants in a uniform condition. That
is - growers like all their plants to be the same height. That way we
can perfectly arrange our light so that it is not too far away or close to
the tops. If one plant is racy then we would have to adjust the light to
suite that plant. This means that we may end up with light gaps like
the following.
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-Distance from Plant A to light is 1 meter.
-Distance from Plant B to light is 0.5 meters.
-Distance from plant C to light is 8 inches.
In this case you could imagine the plants in a slope shape in
there grow environment. Obviously we are going to be wasting light,
not to mention space on this set-up so we need to prevent this slope
from happening. That is where thinning comes into play.
The reason for the slope or curve is because some plants
might tend to be a bit racy. Some of the plants will try to grow quicker
than others to try and receive more light. If this happens the racy plant
will cause the smaller ones beside it to receive less light. To control
racy plants we use a process called thinning.
If you discover a few racy plants then just cut them down to
the same level as the others (called pruning) or remove them all
together. Once you have done this you will see all your plants growing
nicely along at the same level. Now, do not throw away the
cuttings from the thinning before you read the next line. You can
clone these cuttings into new plants!
By the time you have finished your thinning you will have an
even grow area with some clones that you can use to grow more bud.
Now the other thing to remember is that some people may
tend to thin the other way round. That is - leaving the taller ones and
remove the smaller ones. Again in Cannabis growing the taller plants
are generally male and the smaller ones are female if you have started
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from seed. Do you want a garden full of possible males?
During the thinning process you may want to tackle some
dead leaves or leaves that have some mould build up on them. Mould
looks like a rust or fluff on the leaves and will most of the time spread
to other parts of the plant. So why not cut these away too while you
thin your grow area.
Thinning your grow makes it look nicer and tidier and helps
to improve your overall yield.
Light Bending:
Light bending occurs when a plant tries to grow at an angle
towards the light. You may have seen some of the outside plants in
your grow area bending towards the light to try and get their share. If
your plants bend too much they will eventually grow towards (or even
into) another plant. This is not good as they will cover other plants.
Also during flowering the buds can get heavy and may cause your
plant and pot to fall over. To avoid light bending simply switch your
plants around from day to day. If a plant leans too much one way, then
take it towards the middle of the pack or turn the plant around. It only
takes a day or two for the plant to bend back straight again. If your
plants can not be moved, such as in the case of hydroponics in
conjunction with a ScrOG grow, then you may have to tie your plants
up so that they do not bend.
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Figure 11.1 - Here is an example of some tied up buds.
If you are outdoors and you have a massive problem with this
then you may have to cut away some surrounding foliage to allow
more light to get in at your plants. If you can not do this then try to use
a small stake and thread, such as bamboo, to keep your plant upright.
Remember that if your plants are bending then they are trying to tell
you something. They need more direct light!
Pruning:
Many a marijuana cultivator have taken a pair of clippers to
the top of their plant just above the last branch formation during the
3rd or 4th week of vegetative growth. The top is removed by shearing
it away at the stem. This can also be done during the thinning stages.
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What happens next is that the main stem may split off in two or more
directions. This creates a V shape at the top of your plant. The end
results after flowering are two or more top colas instead of one. Now,
many a cannabis grower will tell you that this is a great thing to do
and sometimes it is. Two top colas instead of one does sound appealing
but alas it must be said that this TOPPING method of pruning does not
always work out the way you think it will.
Figure 11.2 - The results of Pruning by Chrisesq.
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Figure 11.3 - Single cola picture by anonymous.
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Figure 11.4 - This is a good example of what a young topped plant
looks like. As you can see the main stem has been clipped to produce 2
new stems. Picture by Strawdog.
Sometimes the plant will produce two small top colas instead
of two big ones. This really depends on the strain and the
environment. Many a grower have managed to bring a plant into
growing more than six top colas by this method. Each strain will have
a threshold for bud production, which can not be improved on. Some
plants when grown fully without pruning do not reach their threshold.
The strain Blueberry is a good example of this. If you grow blueberry
without topping you will not achieve maximum bud production from
that plant, but if you do top the blueberry you will. Other strains are
not so flexible and by topping you will not increase bud production.
The two top colas will simply be sharing the same volume of bud that
a single cola would have produced on the same strain. So pruning for
production is strain related and grow related. You need to find a strain
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that responds well to topping.
It is advised that you experiment with this pruning method.
Do this with 2 out of 10 females with every grow you do. You will find
in time that during this vegetative prune you will be able to shape your
plant. Plants are generally pruned 3 - 4 weeks into their vegetative
cycle but can be pruned sooner or later or more than once. Pruning
during flowering will cause problems with bud production because the
plant will divert its energy from bud production into branch and leaf
production. The results will be a slower rate of Bud growth.
Remember how we spoke about Indica plants being small and
Sativa plants being tall. Well if you learn to prune your plant right you
can generate small bushy Sativa plants that grow in tiny spaces.
Without pruning the Sativa plant it will probably stretch to five feet
and more.
For every stem or branch you prune, the cut area will develop
two more branches. Look outside at any tree. See how the stem divides
into branches which sub-divide into more branches which divide into
new shoots and leaves. Well some marijuana plant only grow a main
branch out from the stem and this may stay that way throughout its
entire grow. Any filling out usually occurs when new leaves and
branches develop at the nodes. Some lateral branches may develop new
shoots but these are somewhat small and thin and do not support much
bud growth. If we prune our plant we can make it more like the tree
that we see in the garden. There is also a limit to how much we can
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prune. Let us follow a prune path for a moment.
If we prune the stem, it will split into two. We can prune both
these two new stems and end up with four stems. We may try to prune
each of these four stems to try and create eight stems, but this depends
on the strain and its branching limit which is genetically based. We
may be able to prune some of the lateral branches but again if the plant
has reached it threshold it will not produce more new branches. All
strains are different in this respect.
Prune cuts are made using clippers at a 45-degree angle to the
shoot being cut.
Bushes:
Some people like to keep their plants small and wide.
Cannabis plants are great for making bushes with. It is a simple
process. During the 3rd week of vegetative growth prune half the
plant's branches and leave the other half. Never remove all the
branches. Cannabis plants need at least 50% of the leaves to continue
growing without fatal stunting problems. If you go less that 50% you
may end up killing them. Do not prune just one side of the plant.
Prune per side to achieve the 50%. You may also prune the main top
cola if you wish the cola to split into two or more parts.
Wait until the 4th or 5th week of vegetative growth and prune
the other half. (Only do this if the prune cuts you previously made
have grown new branches and leaves.)
During the seventh week of vegetative growth you will notice
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that your plant has become more concerned with growing outwards
than with growing upwards.
Let us pretend that we have a plant with 8 shoots. That means
it is 4 nodes high. We perform our pruning as described and we end up
with 16 shoots, but our plant is still 4 nodes high. Now this does not
mean that we can keep doubling our shoots forever. Pruning just
pushes the plant to grow all its shoots early. If you keep pruning up
until the eighth week of vegetative growth with a plant that is 4 nodes
high, the most amount of shoots you will get will be about 32. They do
not really go beyond this factor much, but again this is strain
dependent. Now each new shoot has a junction point or a node that it
grew out from. Each node should produce some bud during the
flowering stages. It is more than possible to create a marijuana plant
that droops down over the sides hiding the pot. Not only that but
different strains grow in different sizes. It is more than possible, with
the right strain, to have a single plant cover an entire desk using this
method.
Training:
This has been discussed before in the indoor growing set-ups
with ScrOG and SOG. Training is simply the art of tying down your
plant's main stem so that it grows in a ‘S' shape pattern. Mainly this is
used to prevent plants from reaching their natural height without
pruning (although you can also prune trained plants without a
problem).
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Training is done by simply attaching a piece of thread to the
stem and bending the plant over. The thread is then locked down to
either another part of the stem or a piece of the grow room frame.
People have managed to grow all kinds of shaped plants using this
method - from corkscrew shapes to complete full circles. Some
growers even like to grow their plants horizontally across during the
vegetative stage of growth. During the flowering cycle the light is
moved above the plant to encourage thicker bud growth along the
main stem. Sometimes this method does not work so well, but when it
does the overall bud production can be excellent.
If during your training a stem should break simply hold it in
place again using a stake/stick support and bind it with cheese cloth or
a cloth bandage wrap with pours. Applying honey to the wound also
has its benefits. If you rub honey into the wound the plant should be
able to heal itself a bit quicker. Watch out for any new growth at the
break area and try to trim these away should any be produced because
they will try to break away the upper part of the stem, effectively
TOPPING your plant.
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Figure 11.5 - Picture of a Stem Break by Slowhand.
Increasing Yield:
The yield is the amount of smokables that your plant will
produce at the end of its grow. Now at this stage you should have a fair
idea of the following.
The history of Cannabis, how it is used, different species and
strains, THC, types of seeds and where to get them. The life cycle of
the marijuana plant, how to germinate seeds, propagation,
transplanting, male/female sexing, basic indoor/outdoor/guerrilla
growing, security, Lights, light spectrum, HID, Lumens, soil types pH,
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soil nutrients, pots, watering, environmental control, soil flushing, Air,
12/12, flowering, SOG, ScrOG, Cabinet growing, hydroponics,
hydroponics nutrients, the bubbler, outdoor growing and plant care.
With this amount of information you should be armed to the
teeth and ready to tackle any ideas about where you want to grow, how
much you want to grow and what you need. So the question may still
be in your mind - "Can I actually grow marijuana?"
Many people can grow it without a problem. How many
people can grow good thick potent bud? Now that is the question!
You see this is what Marijuana cultivation is all about. How
much you know and the more you know the better the results will be.
This hobby is so interesting that it is more addictive than the substance
produced at the end of the day (marijuana has no physical additive
properties but growing it is so rewarding that you may become
addicted to growing!). I know plenty of growers who gave up smoking
pot and yet continue to sit at home and develop new strains. It is a very
addictive hobby.
The more you grow the more you will learn about what your
plant needs. The two most fundamental factors in high yield growth
are - Strains (good genetics) and Light.
Optimal light along with good strains will lead to great yields
and bud plentiful plants. Of course high yields may not mean highly
potent bud. Potency depends on the strain and how your plant is
grown, remember.
Many a grower have found that some of the grow bloomers
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and advanced feeding products actually produce greater amounts of
bud but reduce the potency and produce a different taste. To
understand which feeding products are better to use than others
requires a degree of experimentation on your part, but experimentation
is what growing is all about. To discover new methods of growing the
marijuana cultivator MUST experiment and through FAILURE learn
MORE!
Cloning:
Cloning is a simple method of replicating your plants. In most
cases a clone is taken from a mother plant and grown out into a whole
new plant. The clone will contain the exact same genetic code as its
mother plant.
Figure 11.6 - Picture of some clones in soil by Slowhand.
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Figure 11.7 - Picture of some clones in a
hydroponics starter kit by Mia Stoner.
In a selection of 30 seeds you may find a nice mother plant
that you wish to keep. You can keep here genetic profile indefinitely by
cloning her.
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Figure 11.8 - Picture of a clone that has just been cut from a mother
plant by Slowhand.
Any cannabis plant can be cloned once it has been grown to a
certain height. The best place to take a cutting for cloning is above a
node which has at least 2 nodes above it. The smallest cuttings on
average are 3" in length.
Once the cutting has been taken it is placed in the growing
medium and should form new roots over the next week to three weeks
depending.
Cloning straight to soil has a low success rate. Leaving clones
in water also has a low success rate. The best medium for cloning is
rockwool cubes or Oasis foam bricks.
Not only that but in order to increase your success rates with
cloning you may wish to purchase some rooting solutions such as
Clonex ($3) which can be bought from most grow shops.
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Figure 11.9 - Picture of homemade clone chamber by Tick.
Make sure that you use a clean instrument, or even better a
sterile instrument, when you make your cut. Take the cutting and dip
the cut area into the rooting solution before placing it in the medium.
Clones do not need much light to root. Try to avoid using the bigger
grow bulbs for cloning. A simple window with some outdoor light is
all that you will need for that clone to root. Many people use Fluro
lights for clones.
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Figures 11.10 - Clones can be kept in small places, by Tick.
When the clone takes root in the rockwool you will see the
roots jut out from the sides of the cube. When this happens the clone is
best transferred to its new grow medium, which can be soil,
hydroponics or aeroponics.
This is the most successful way of producing clones on the
market today. You may even live in a country where the trade of
cannabis clones is legal. The great thing about cloning is that you can
create 100's of female plants from one single female.
Here is another method of cloning called Air Layering written
by Strawdog.
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How to air-layer a clone.
ITEMS NEEDED:
PLANT!
Match sticks or toothpick
Tape
Razor blade
Rooting hormone (Clonex)
Tweezers
Plastic wrap
Scissors
(1) Sterilize all your cutting tools before using them.
(2) Find a branch that is at least 1/8 inch thick with a minimum of two
nodes.
(3) Use the Razor Blade to split the branch vertically / lengthwise.
(4) Use tweezers to open the slit. Do not break the branch totally.
(5) Get ‘clonex' and apply it to the open wound. Tape a matchstick
parallel to the stem for support.
(6) Pack the open wound carefully with any grow medium, or use a
rockwool cube to cover the area (just split the cube down one side and
slide over the branch).
(7) Wrap the area with the small plastic bag. The effect of this should
be a funnel shaped plastic wrap enclosure.
(8) Pack the bag with grow medium before closing with tape.
(9) Use a pin to create holes around bag. This will allow the
soil/medium to receive air.
(10) Use an eyedropper to keep the soil wet. Do this everyday. After 2
weeks your cutting will have developed roots and you can cut away the
branch below the roots. Now you have a clone with roots ready for
growth. You can choose to remove the plastic bag if you feel that it is
too tight to allow all the roots to pass through it.
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Chapter 12
PREDATORS AND PESTS
Predators and pests will always be a problem. Here are some
Predators and Pests that you may encounter during your grow. Along
with their names we have also explained how to get rid of the
unwanted pest.
Also it must be said that a cat for a garden grow is the #1
defense system against most small predators, but an indoor cat will
bring unwanted pests into the house! You can not have the best of both
worlds. Cats also like to play with indoor plants so be very careful with
your plants and pets!
ATTENTION - READ THIS
Only use repellents and pesticides that are clearly marked for
FOOD PRODUCTS USE on the label. If it is NOT FOR FOOD
PRODUCT USE then DO NOT USE IT WITH YOUR PLANTS!!! You
are going to be smoking your plants later. You do not want to end up
in a hospital because of smoking poisoned bud. If it is safe for FOOD
PRODUCT USE then it will be safe to smoke. Read the products
instructions clearly and carefully. Do not take short cuts. Do exactly
as it says on the label.
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WOODCHUCKS
Figure 12.1 - Woodchuck.
Woodchucks will nibble your stems and collapse the plant.
The way to solve this is by using predator urine (Also see Deer) or by
building a very small mesh fence around the bottom of your outdoor
plants. This will keep the chucks from eating your stems and branches.
Use more than one rap of mesh and make sure that you keep it tight.
Also planting Marigolds near your grow will help keep the chucks
away.
POWDER BUGS
Like to lay their eggs in your bud and stem. They can reduce
your plant to nothing in weeks. You need a pyrethrum-based
insecticide to keep them away. Ask your local grow shop for
information on this product. It will also help keep away other insects
such as mites.
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RABBITS
Figure 12.2 - Rabbit
Rabbits can reduce a crop to nothing in a couple of days and
will continue to feed from the same patch until they are stopped or the
patch is destroyed. For more details See Woodchucks.
GROUNDHOG
Figure 12.3 - Groundhog.
(Also see Woodchucks.) Dry chlorine helps keep Groundhogs
away from your plants. Find any Groundhog holes near your grow area
and apply the dry chlorine around the hole.
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WILT FUNGUS
Fusarium Oxysprum is rare, but still a problem in some parts
of the world. This fungus wilts your plants and will eventually kill
them. You actually need to get a fungicide from your grow shop. If
they don't have it, then you need to order it over the Internet.
DEER
Figure 12.4 - Deer.
Deer are so very curious that even electric fences will not stop
them over time. In order to solve deer problems you need to get hold of
predator urine from hunting shops. Find out which urine works best
with deer to keep them away. However find predator urine which does
not attract plant-eating animals. Simply spray the urine on your patch
and this will help keep the deer away.
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LEAF HOPPER
Figure 12.5 - Grasshopper
Harmless unless in large numbers. (Also see Powder Bugs).
CUTWORMS, CATERPILLARS AND LARVAE
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Figure 12.6 - Caterpillar
The only sure way to get rid of cutworms is to use a cutworm
repellent. Try to find a product that works on cutworms and cutworms
only. All of these cutworm products work very well and can be bought
in most grow shops.
WHITEFLY
Figure 12.7 - Whitefly
Deadly. Can reduce your plant to trash in days. Safer's soap
helps to kill Whitefly. This can be bought in most grow shops. (Also
see Powder Bugs).
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SLUGS AND SNAILS
Figure 12.8 - Snail
Make a circle of table salt about 4 feet away from base of your
plant. Then make another circle a foot in from that. Salt is deadly to
snails and slugs and will keep them out.
MITES
Figure 12.9 - Mites
Deadly. Can reduce your plant to trash in 2 - 3 days. (See
Powder Bugs).
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GNATS
See Powder Bugs.
TERMITES
They don't like water. If you over-water the soil around your
plant they will leave. (See Powder Bugs).
ANTS
Figure 12.10 - Ant
Will make a home out of your grow for their nests. (See
Powder Bugs). They are also a sign of Aphids - ants farm aphids!!!
Ants can be removed using Boric Acid, or any popular 'colony killer'
pesticide.
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APHIDS
Figure 11.11 - Aphids, picture by Vic High.
See Powder Bugs.
SCALE
See powder Bugs
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MEALY BUGS
See powder Bugs.
CLEANING THE GROWROOM
It does happen that sometimes the bugs win. No matter how
much you might spray them or try to kill them, they keep coming back
to your grow room. To solve this you will have to create a clean room,
which means a total and complete cull of your harvest.
First set-up another grow room of smaller size enough to
support some cuttings and clones. Take cuttings from what plants you
have and move the cuttings to that room. You will use the cuttings
again eventually in your clean grow room if you want to continue those
strains.
Next up take all the grow equipment, bar electrical
equipment, to the bathroom. Clean down the entire equipment with
bleach. Fill a tub with water and bleach and let the grow equipment
rest there for a day.
Back to the grow room. First start with the walls. Clean the
walls down with bleach if you can. You will maybe have to paint them
again after. Do the corners, up high and clean out any holes, extraction
holes, fittings, pipes, etc. Then clean around the rim of the room. If
your floor can be lifted up then you can also do this to get in at the
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corners a bit better.
After this cleaning has been done you can consider smoking
the room. Various pest killing smoke bombs can be bought in most
grow stores. Follow the instructions carefully and smoke bomb the
room. This will guarantee the demise of any bugs, eggs or larvae but
remember eggs are usually safe from these sprays, that is why they
recommend a reapplication 7-10 days after initial treatment- MAKE
SURE TO READ THE LABELS!!!!!
Once this is done, clean the room again like you did the first
time. Now you should have a clean room, free off pests. Repeat the
process if needed. The more you clean it, the better it will be.
Electrical items should be dusted down before returning them
to the grow room. Dry down your other grow equipment which was
bleached and return this to the grow room.
Your cuttings need to be checked for bugs. Also you do not
move the cuttings back to the grow room until you have taken cuttings
from these cuttings. Grow the cuttings out for a week or two and check
them everyday for bugs. If you find any then you may have to use a
pesticide on the cuttings. When you are sure that your cuttings are
clean, take new cuttings and place them in new soil and clean pots.
Take these to your grow room and watch their progress and look out
for any signs of pests and bugs.
If you have done this correctly then you should have
eliminated all signs of pest infestation in your grow room.
Mites and other small pests can lay their eggs in cuttings and
these can be missed when you look for pests because they are not
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obvious. The pesticides should have killed them, but some pests like
the powder bugs lay their eggs inside the stems and seem to always
come back. If you can't get rid of bugs like this then you may have to
toss your genetics away and get new ones. For breeders this can be a
difficult task. A long term project can be terminated by a few bugs
wreaking havoc in the grow room. Breeders should pay strict attention
to keeping their grow rooms clean at all times. And remember - Never
take anything that has been outside into your grow room.
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Chapter 13
!PROBLEM SOLVER!
Got a problem that you need to identify? If common sense
does not solve it then it sounds like you have a feeding problem and
want to know how to sort it out. Well this is what this chapter is all
about.
PLANT NUTRIENT / CHEMICAL PROBLEMS
AND HOWTO SOLVE THEM.
Before we begin we should tell you what a chemical burn is.
A chemical burn is what the plant suffers because of over-feeding. A
chemical burn can be compared to a half-smoked joint. At the tip of
the joint you have this shriveled gray ash, in the middle you have the
burn creeping towards new paper which leaves a pattern behind it, and
then you have the part you have not smoked yet. A plant burn looks
like this almost. The plant sucks up the water and the food. It
distributes these elements to the leaves at the bottom first and then
works its way up the plant. This process takes days to work as you
know FROM WATERING and WHEN TO WATER! The damage
starts at the tips of the leaf and slowly moves to the center of the leaf,
leaving behind it some crispy matter that flakes away between your
fingers. This is what a chemical burn looks like. A nutrient problem
does not look burnt. A nutrient problem looks like a cell collapse with
discoloration. The part may wither and die, but it should not look
burnt. That is major difference between a chemical burn and a nutrient
problem. In time you should be able to tell the difference for yourself.
Also check your pH. If your pH is not right, then solve the pH
problem before you go and do anything else.
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A) Look at your problem and quickly search for any bugs. When you
have completed this search, eliminate any bug problems by using the
advice in the bug chapter. Also note the type of attack to make sure
that it is not a bug problem AND is a nutrient problem, which can
happen. Do your leaves look sucked and dry? Do you have any black
dots on them like bugs? Try to tell the difference between a bug attack
and a nutrient problem. Nutrient problems damage the plant on a
somewhat consistent level. Bug attacks are less consistent in the
damaged generated. They leave damaged patches everywhere on your
plant.
If the problem seems to affects only the lower portion of your
plant and or a bit of the middle then read B). If it is only effects the top
of your plant and the tips then you should go to J). If the plant is
covered with the problem then go to F).
B) If your plant is in vegetative growth and the leaves are going very
yellow, then you need more Nitrogen. If your plant is in flowering and
you have stunted growth, yellow leaves and it looks to be dying then
you need more Nitrogen. If your plant is in flowering and does not
look like it is dying but looks red or dark green/yellow then you need
to treat it with more P, which is Phosphorus. If these do not help then
go to C.
C) If your plant has leaves that are curling up, twisting and are going
yellow then check to see if your light is burning them or if the grow
chamber has enough air circulation. If this is fine then you need to
consider adding more Mg which is Magnesium to your plants. Epsom
salts are good for this. Add 1/4 - 1/3 table spoon of Epsom salts to 3
gallons of water is fine. If you still have a problem go to D).
D) If the tips of the leaves turn brown and curl slightly then you are
looking at a K problem which is a Potassium problem. If not, move
onto E.
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E) Does your plant look wilted? Maybe you over-watered? If not, go to
F.
F) The veins are green, but the leaves are yellow. This is an Iron
problem, Fe. If not, move on to G
G) Leaves are not twisted but are yellow at the base. The tips are fine.
This is a Manganese problem, which is (Mn). If not, move on to H).
H) Still haven't solved it? Then flush your soil and find another type of
plant food that has all of these. N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. Get Epsom
Salts and get a small canister of micronutrient. Iron, boron, chlorine,
manganese, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. Try using a nutrient
mixture that we have already mentioned before in the indoor feeding
section. If this doesn't solve your problem, then maybe you have one of
the following:
POT BOUND (ROOT BOUND)
Your plant has outgrown the pot. The entire root mass would
have grown to its maximum capacity. This causes stress and a variety
of problems. The only cure for this is a bigger pot.
NUTRIENT LOCKOUT
Well...what can we say causes this..Hmm there are a number
of things. If you followed H) right then you should not have this but we
will explain it anyway. Lockout occurs when the plant can not get
access to a nutrient or a group of nutrients. This could be caused by the
absence of nutrients (a deficiency) or by a chemical reaction in the
medium/solution that causes a toxic substance to block the roots, or
causes a chemical reaction that creates another substance that changes
the chemical properties of the other nutrients. As you can see this is
really a very open subject matter. pH problems can lockout nutrients,
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your soil type can lockout nutrients, your water can even lockout
nutrients. But these lockout causes are rare and more than likely
something other than what cannabis needs has been added to the
solution causing this reaction. When in doubt, transplant into fresh
soil or a fresh hydroponics solution.
BAD GENETICS
Yep, there is a lot of garbage out in the market. Crap genetics
do exist and people still buy them. The genetics may have mutations,
warping, flowering problems, a weakness in them or poor germination
rates that will sometimes cause nutrient symptoms to appear even
though your nutrient problem does not exist. The only solution is to get
some new genetics.
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Chapter 14
HARVESTING AND CURING YOUR BUD
Harvesting is the act of reaping your rewards and is without a
doubt the most fun you will have with your garden. First of all you
should know that harvesting smells. It stinks up the place really
quickly, so keep this in mind. Now you will have followed the
guidelines that the breeder set forth with his or her seeds about the
flowering times. At the end of the flowering time examine your bud.
Keep what you see in mind because now you will be able to judge other
plants to know if they are finished or not. You do not really need to
know the breeder's flowering time if you have been able to understand
and identify a bud that has reached maturity. Here are some things that
help identify when to harvest. Some of these things do not appear on
every strain though.
- 50% to 70% of the pistils change color.
- Your plant stops producing crystals.
- Your plant stops producing resin.
- The fan leaves and lower leaves have turned yellow and are starting
to drop off.
- The smell has reached a peak.
- Bud mass has not increased in the past few days.
These are good Indicators that your plant is now ready for
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harvest. There is only one sure way to harvest your plant and anything
else is pretty much a variation of it. Also we must add that harvesting
an Indica plant and a Sativa plant have slight differences.
INDICA HARVEST
Your 1 foot - 4 foot plant should he hacked at the base. The
plant should then be hung upside down in a cool room, with no light
and fresh air. Take a pair of clippers out and remove as much of the
fan leaves as possible. Then remove the secondary leaves and put these
into a separate pile. Last but not least gather some trim from the bud.
“Trim” is the small leaves that are covered in resin. Now you have 4
different qualities of weed to choose from. The fan leaf will only be an
okay smoke, the middle leaves a little better and the trim will be very
good. The BUD is the PRIME stuff though and this will give you your
best quality high!
Leave the plant like this until a branch can break easily
between your fingers. When it does you are ready to cure the Bud. This
harvesting process takes about two to three weeks to properly finish.
SATIVA HARVEST
This is much like the Indica except the harvest itself may be
quite labor intensive. Outdoor growers like to grow Sativa plants
which sometimes grow up as far as 12 feet carrying over 20 oz of bud
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sometimes. These plants are not harvested easily. You need a canvas
spread or another medium that you can use to carry the bud in. The
plant should be chopped at the base and spread out on the canvas. The
canvas is then rolled up and tied down tight for transport. Obviously if
you have more than one plant then you might need more than one
canvas sheet.
The plant should then be hung upside down in a cool room,
with no light and fresh air. Because of the plant's size and bushiness
you may have to cut the branches and hang these up separately. Take a
pair of clippers out and remove leaves and trim as suggested in the
Indica Harvest section.
It must be pointed out here that light degrades THC
quantities. Your room does not have to be as light- proof as your grow
room does during 12/12. Just don't expose your harvest to any direct
light.
FAN LEAVES, LEAVES AND TRIM
These are cured by leaving them dry on a flat surface, away
from direct light and with plenty of fresh air. The leaves will dry up
after 3 weeks and are easily smokable at that stage. Test them out to
see what you liked and what you did not like. Another thing you could
do with the trim is to make some hash from it. We will talk about this
in another chapter. Do not try to speed up your drying process with
ovens or microwaves or heat. Let them dry out normally and you will
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cure yourself a much better smoke from the leaves.
CURING
As soon as the branches are brittle you should consider
canning your bud. Canning is a great way to get the most from your
bud. Find a can with a removable lid. The more cans you have the
better. Using a pair of scissors, clip your bud from the branch and put
it into the can. The branches and stem are not much good to you. They
do contain THC, but only in small quantities. Most stem and branches
go in the bin.
Now take the can and place it a room or cupboard that is
dark. Everyday open the lid for a few hours (6 hours is good) and then
close the lid again. Also shake the bud around a bit every couple of
days. This is the most common curing technique out there and it does
do its job well. Bud that is cured well smokes the best! I would give the
canning process between 3 - 4 weeks before you should really sample
your goods. 8 weeks old bud can smoke extremely well and year old
bud is vintage stuff but can loose potency. Fresh bud (8 weeks canned
curing) is the pinnacle point of cured bud. After that some of the THC
cannabinoids change composition and become different cannabinoid
compounds. Fresh bud is far better than aged bud. You may find other
curing processes out there, but canning does work wonders and is
cheap to do.
If you have dried your plants for three weeks while hanging
upside down you can subtract that time from the canning time to know
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when you should be in for a bit of smoke. Although you can have good
bud to smoke two weeks after you harvest it is better to wait for four
weeks or more.
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Chapter 15
BREEDING
Before we begin breeding we will keep it simple for those who
want to learn how to perform simple breeding procedures and then we
will make it a bit more advanced.
Let's go the simple route first. We may want to produce seeds
from our crop to continue a strain that we purchased or obtained. By
breeding two plants we can produce seeds. You are breeding to
continue a strain here but you will not completely replicate the plants
again unless they are IBL (To be explained later), but you will
generate seeds that contain most of the parents' features but maybe not
all. Some of your offspring should be like the parents but other
offspring will show different traits such as potency, color and taste.
MAKING SEEDS
How easy is it to make seeds? Well it is easy if you have
healthy plants and a stable-growing environment. When your male
plants burst their pollen in your grow room they will pollinate the
female flowers. At the end of flowering the bud will contain seeds. The
seeds should be grayish in color. If they are white, then they are not
viable and you harvested them too early. Wait until the end of
flowering to get your seeds. Your seeds will be in with the bud. It takes
quite a bit of time to sort them out from the bud. If you want to use the
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seeds in more than 2 years time store them in a freezer. Before that
time storing them in a small film canister will work well enough.
POLLEN
Film canisters are a great place to store pollen in. You can
save pollen in a canister for the next harvest. Pollen can be stored in
the freezer for around 18 months. The odds of having pollen keep
though are slim. Pollen is best used up to 6 months. The pollen can be
extracted from the male flower as soon as the flowers are ready to
open. You will see the male flower open out from its pod. It is best to
gather pollen after it falls from the pod onto the leaves. Simply shake
the pollen onto the female flowers to pollinate them.
SIMPLE BREEDING
Want to breed your plants to make more seeds? Well this
depends on what you want to do. Do you want to create a new strain?
Then move onto the basics of genetics section. Do you want to create
some seeds that are similar to the parents or do you want to create a
cross of two plants to create a Simple Hybrid strain? Then read on.
HOWTO CONTINUE A STRAIN THROUGH SEEDS
So you bought $120 Silver Haze seeds and you want to make
more seeds without any interference from another strain? That is easy.
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Just make sure that the male plants and the female plants are together
from only the same strain batch. Do not introduce another strain into
the pack. If you only have Silver Haze in your grow room, then all you
need are some males and females. By letting the males pollinate the
females you will get Silver Haze seeds. But you will loose some of the
features that the original parent plants had in the selection of
offspring, unless the strain you got was an IBL.
HOWTO MAKE A SIMPLE HYBRID
It is easy, just take a male plant from one strain and a female
from the other. Say Big Bud and Skunk. The result will be BIG BUD
X Skunk, but there will be differences in the pack. Some of the plants
will lean more in the BIG BUD direction and some in the Skunk
direction. Some variations that where not present in the parents may
also appear (if the parents where not both IBL). If you want to
concentrate on creating more seeds so that they ONLY go in one
direction (creating uniform plants) then you need to read more in this
chapter.
AN INTRODUCTION INTO BASIC GENETICS
Genetics are somewhat difficult to understand at first so it is
best if we give you a grounding in some of the breeding concepts
mentioned in this chapter.
We will start by first explaining what a couple of words mean.
These words will appear throughout this chapter so it is best to define
them at this point.
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Genes:
Each of the units of heredity which are transmitted from parent to
offspring in gametes, usually as part of a chromosome, and control or
determine a single characteristic in the offspring.
[There are genes responsible for each feature of your plant to be
inherited, for leaf color, stem structure, texture, smell, potency, etc.]
Alleles:
Any of a number of alternative forms of one gene.
[For example the Gene for purple bud color may have 2 forms, one for
purple and one for dark red.]
Homozygous:
An individual that has identical alleles at one or more genetic loci,
which is not a heterozygote and so breeds true.
[Your plant is to be said homozygous for one feature when it carries in
its responsible gene pair the same gene twice, which means both genes
of the gene pair are equal.]
Heterozygous:
An individual having different alleles at one or more genetic loci.
[Your plant is said to be heterozygous for one feature when the genes
of the responsible gene pair are unequal.]
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Phenotype:
An organism distinguishable from others by observable features.
[How your plant looks is the phenotype. It is the summary of all the
features you can see on the outside of your plant. It can also be smell
and taste.]
Genotype:
The genetic constitution of an individual, esp. as distinguished from
the phenotype; the whole of the genes in an individual or group.
[How your plant looks like inside, which features it can possibly
inherit - you can't see those - is called the genotype. It is the summary
of all genetic information which your plant carries and can inherit to
its offspring.]
Dominant:
Of a gene or allele: expressed even when inherited from only one
parent. Of a hereditary trait: controlled by such a gene; appearing in
an individual to the exclusion of its allelic counterpart, when alleles
for both are present.
[A gene is said to be dominant when its effect can be seen in the
phenotype of your plant. Only one dominant allele in the gene pair
must be present to be seen in the phenotype of your plant].
Recessive:
Of a gene, allele, or hereditary trait: perceptibly expressed only in
homozygotes, being masked in heterozygotes by a dominant allele or
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trait.
[A gene is called recessive when its effect can not be seen in the
phenotype of your plant, when only one allele is present. The same
allele must be present twice in the gene pair if you can see its
expression in the phenotype of your plant.]
Locus:
A position on a chromosome at which a particular gene is located.
Chromosome:
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein which carries a set
of linked genes and occurs singly in prokaryotes and in characteristic
numbers, usu. paired, in the cell nuclei of higher organisms.
GENE PAIRS
All of life is made up of a pattern of genes. This pattern is
similar to the two sides of the zip on your jacket. One side is from the
mother, the other is from the father. Each "gene locus", a particular
space on that chain, controls one bit of information about the eventual
appearance of the plant.
Each gene locus contains 2 genes, one from the mother, one
from the father. A pair of letters such as BB, Bb, Pp, pp, etc generally
notates these. Capital refers to dominant genes while lower case refers
to recessive. B can Big bud while b can be smaller bud. This is just an
example. The letters refer to a human beings imaginary reference for
what a specific gene locus controls. Any letter can be assigned to it.
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Dominant and Recessive:
Individual genes within a locus are said to be either dominant
or recessive. This is noted by a capital letter for a dominant gene and a
lower case letter for a recessive gene. Dominant genes have a stronger
effect and if only one is present, will win over the recessive gene in
that locus.
For example the B gene means the plant will produce big bud,
while the b gene means the plant will produce small bud. Since B is
dominant a plant with a Bb genotype will produce Big Bud. The B is
dominant over the b. In order for a recessive gene to have an effect,
both genes must be recessive, so BB is Big Bud, and Bb is Big Bud,
but bb will be small bud.
Modifying Genes:
By breeding we can determine.. Let's say... what the color of
the plant's bud will be, or more importantly, what color the offspring
of two plants is going to look like. The final appearance however will
be the result of more than one gene locus. Plants may have several
color genes for different parts of the plant. A plant's genetic structure
is quite complex.
Partial Dominance:
Now that we have explained the basics of dominant and
recessive, you can move on to the next step.
Some gene loci in plants have more than two possibilities.
These are sometimes referred to as ‘partially dominant genes' and are
usually given some type of secondary marker such as B' or B".
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They work just like dominant and recessives except that there
are more than two options. If a gene is dominant over another gene, it
will win. Just like a dominant will win a recessive.
HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
Introduction:
An understanding of breeding concepts requires a basic
understanding of Hardy-Weinberg's Equilibrium. Breeding depends
upon the knowledge of population genetics. To understand the value of
the H/W Equilibrium, you may have asked yourself a question like this
before...
“If certain diseases are a dominant trait, then why haven't
large sections of the population got this disease?”
The same question applies to cannabis breeding. If purple bud
color is a dominant trait then how come my offspring from the purple
bud strain do not have purple buds? Or, I have been selecting Indica
mothers and cross breeding them with mostly Indica male plants but I
have some Sativa leaves. Why does this happen? Hardy-Weinberg's
Equilibrium will help you to understand these questions and there
answers.
Okay, first of all these questions reflect a very common
misconception. That misconception is that the dominant allele of a
trait will always have the highest frequency in a population and the
recessive allele will always have the lowest frequency.
There is no logic behind the idea that a dominant trait should
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show a tendency to spread over a whole population. Also there is no
logic behind the idea that a recessive trait should die out.
Gene frequencies can be in high ratios or low ratios no matter
how the allele is expressed. The allele can also change, depending on
certain conditions. It is the changes in gene frequencies over time that
result in different plant characteristics.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium will show us whether or not
gene frequencies have changed in a population.
A population is a group of individuals of the same strain or
species, [such as cannabis Indica or cannabis Sativa (species), or
Skunk#1 and Master Kush (strains of a species)], in a given area
whose members can interbreed with one another. This means that they
share a common group of genes. This common group of genes is
known as the GENE POOL.
Each gene pool contains all the alleles for all the traits of all
the population.
For a step in evolution to occur some of the gene frequencies
must change. That is why we have different types of cannabis plants.
The gene frequency of an allele refers to the number of times
an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of
alleles for that trait.
Gene frequency is calculated as follows.
The number of a specific type of allele, divided by, The total number
of alleles in the gene pool.
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The Hardy and Weinberg principal describes a theoretical
situation in which there is no change in the gene pool. This means that
there can be no evolution.
For a test example let us consider a population whose gene
pool contains the alleles B and b. Assign the letter c to the frequency
of the dominant allele B and the letter d to the frequency of the
recessive allele b.
[In most cases you will find that c and d are actually notated
as p and q by convention in science, but for this example we will use c
and d.]
The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%.
So c + d = 1.
All the random possible combinations of the members of a
population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d). Which can also be
expressed as:
(c+d) X (c+d)
We will explain this in detail in moment, but it is best to know it for
now.
The frequencies of B and b will remain unchanged generation after
generation if:
1. The population is large enough.
2. There are no mutations.
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3. There are no preferences. For example a BB male does not prefer a
bb female by its nature.
4. No other outside population exchanges genes with this model.
5. Natural selection must not favor any specific individual.
Let us imagine a pool of genes. 12 are B and 18 are b. Now
remember The sum of all the alleles must equal 100%. So this means
that the total in this case is 12 + 18 = 30. So 30 is 100%.
If we want to find the frequencies of B and b and the
genotypic frequencies of B, Bb and b then we will have to apply the
standard formula that we have just been shown.
f (B) = 12/30 = 0.4 = 40%
f (b) = 18/30 = 0.6 = 60%
Both add to make 100%. Now we know their ratios.
So,
c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
We have proven that c + d must equal 1.
Very straightforward, yes.
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Remember that all the random possible combinations of the members
of a population would equal (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d), or (c+d) X (c+d)
Then, c + d = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1
And (c x c) + 2cd + (d x d)
= BB + Bb + bb
= .24 + .48 + .30 = 1
This means that the population can increase in size, but the
frequencies of B and b will stay the same.
Now, suppose we break the 4th law about not introducing another
population into this one.
Let us say that we add 4 more b.
b + b + b + b enter the pool. This brings our total up to 34 instead of
30. What will the gene and genotypic frequencies be?
f (B) = 12/34 = .35 = 35 %
f (b) = 22/34 = .65 = 65%
f (BB) = .12, f (Bb) = .23 and f (bb) = .42
Oppss, .42 does not equal 1. This means that the Equilibrium law fails
if the 4th law is not met. When the new genes entered the pool it
resulted in a change of the population's gene frequencies. However if
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no other populations where introduced then the frequency of .42 would
be maintained generation after generation.
However we would like to point out that we used a very small
pool in the above example. If the pool were much larger then the
number of changes, even if one or two new genes jumped in, would be
insignificant. You could calculate it, but the change would be on an
extremely low level 0.000000000001 of a difference in reality.
This is just as basic example to get you started. It may not
make complete sense at first but if you read on then it will fall into
place. Some of you may be asking the question.
How do I know if a trait, such as bud color is Homozygous Dominant
(BB), or Heterozygous (Bb) or Homozygous Recessive, (bb)?
If you have been given seeds or a clone you may have been
told that a trait, such potency is Homozygous Dominant, Heterozygous
or Homozygous Recessive. However, you will want to prove this to
yourself. Especially if you are going to use that plant in a future
breeding plan. You will have to do what is called a Test Cross.
THE TEST CROSS
Determining the phenotype of a plant is fairly
straightforward. You look at the plant and you see its phenotype.
Determining the genotype can not be done through visible observation
alone. The genes themselves are somewhat hidden except for their
visible related phenotypes.
Again there are three possible genotypes that the plant can
create. Let's say golden bud is dominant and silver bud is recessive.
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Here is the table.
Homozygous Dominant: BB = Golden Bud.
Heterozygous: Bb = Golden Bud
Homozygous Recessive: bb = Silver Bud.
(The Golden and Silver bud colors are the phenotype. The b and B are
genotype notations.)
The reason why Bb is golden and not silver is because B
dominates b.
Most phenotypes are observed characteristics but some things
like bud taste are also phenotypes that can not be observed. If we look
at a Mostly Sativa species like a Haze plant we will notice that it is
pale green. Now in a population of Haze plants we may notice that one
or two out of one hundred maybe dark green and not pale green. This
suggests that the dark green color is recessive. We are not totally sure
until we have completed the test but the gene frequencies suggest this.
We may also notice that the bud is golden on most of the plants so this
suggests that the golden bud color is a dominant trait. Some of the
buds on only a few of the plants may be silver. This suggests that the
silver trait is Recessive (bb in our example).
We know that the only genotype that produces the recessive
trait is homozygous recessive (bb). So if a plant shows a recessive trait
in its phenotype, its genotype is probably homozygous recessive.
A plant with a recessive trait always has a homozygous
recessive genotype.
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But this leaves us with a problem. Is the Golden bud or pale
green leaf color a Homozygous Dominant (BB) or is it Heterozygous
(Bb).
So now is the time to perform the Test Cross. Any test cross is
a cross of an organism with an unknown dominant genotype (like in
our case) with an organism that is homozygous recessive for that same
trait.
To do this test we need another cannabis plant of the opposite
sex that is homozygous recessive (bb) for the same trait. So we will
stick with bud color as our example. Hey, we have a few silver bud
plants around that we think are recessive. Let's use them and see what
happens. We pollinate the female plant (Does not matter if the female
is dominant or recessive one), and we get our seeds and plant them. 3 -
7 months later we see the results.
This brings us to the next important rule that we will learn.
If any of the offspring from a test cross have the recessive
trait, the genotype of the parent with the dominant trait must be
Heterozygous.
We will explain why in a moment and this will all make
sense to you. Also we must mention that we should be talking about a
large population here. 1000 plants is a good population to be sure with.
100 plants are good but 20 or less can be dodgy.
The more plants we use the more reliable our results will be.
In our example, our unknown genotype is either BB or Bb.
The Silver genotype is bb.
Let's put this information into a mathematical series known as Punnett
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Squares.
We start by first putting in out known genotypes (above). We
only do these calculations for 2 parents that will breed. We know that
our recessive trait is bb and the other is either BB or Bb, so we use the
term B? for the time being. Our next step is to fill in the box with what
we can calculate.
The first row of offspring Bb and Bb will have the dominant
trait of Golden Bud. The ?b and ?b can either be Bb Bb, or bb bb. This
will either lead to an offspring that will produce more golden bud (Bb),
or silver bud (bb). There are 2 possible outcomes. Let us fill in the 2
possible values of ? and see that this is true.
The first possible outcome is where ? = B. This means the all
are offspring will have Golden bud.
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The second possible outcome is where ? = b. This means that some of
our offspring will have golden bud (Bb) or Silver bud (bb).
The first possibility proves that there is no way we can
produce silver bud in the offspring.
The second possibility proves that we will have some golden
bud and some silver bud. Not only that but we can understand clearly
what the frequency will be. Count them!
Bb + Bb = 2Bb
bb + bb = 2bb
2 out of 4 will have golden bud. 2 out of 4 will have silver bud. Half
our offspring will have silver bud! The ration is 50:50.
The second possibility tells us a number of things.
(1) Both parents need at least one b trait each for the silver bud to pass
on if it is a recessive trait.
(2) If any silver bud is produced in the offspring then the mystery
parent B? must be Bb. It can not be BB.
Remember:
Homozygous Dominant: BB = Golden Bud.
Heterozygous: Bb = Golden Bud
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Homozygous Recessive: bb = Silver Bud.
So if the golden bud parent when crossed with a silver bud parent
produced only Golden Bud, then the parent must be Homozygous
Dominant for that trait. If the parent produced any silver bud then it
must be Heterozygous.
The rules are:
1. The plant with the dominant trait is always crossed with an
organism with the recessive trait.
2. If ANY offspring show the recessive trait, the unknown genotype is
heterozygous
3. If ALL the offspring have the dominant trait, the unknown genotype
is homozygous dominant
4. Large numbers are needed for reliable results.
And this is your first step into the world of breeding because:
(1) When you breed plants you want to continue a trait. Something
that you like to see on your plant or taste with your plant or the height
of your plant.
(2) When you want to continue that trait you must know if it is
Homozygous Dominant, Heterozygous or Homozygous Recessive.
(3) You can find that out by running a test cross.
So the question may arise - How do I breed for several traits,
like taste, smell, vigor and color? Well that is a big question. Maybe to
understand more about that we should learn more about Hardy-
Weinberg Equilibrium.
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Part 2
If we mate two individuals that are heterozygous (e.g., Bb) for
a trait what will we find? (Let's make the Punnett square).
Look at that. In this group our resulting offspring will be:
1 BB,
2 Bb,
1 bb
This means that:
25% of their offspring are homozygous for the dominant allele (BB).
50% are heterozygous like their parents (Bb) and
25% are homozygous for the recessive allele (bb).
Now look at this closely. Unlike their parents Bb Bb, 25%
will express the recessive phenotype bb. So if we where given two
parents that displayed golden bud but where BOTH heterozygous for
that trait Bb, we would also produce offspring that have silver bud. But
since Bb is dominant in both parents, neither of the parents would
display the phenotype for silver bud.
This is really what breeding is all about. When we have a
strain that we want to keep, how do we know that the parts we want to
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keep will actually be kept in our breeding process?
This is where the test cross comes in. If we create seeds from
a strain that we bought in a seed-bank how can we be sure that the
offspring will have the character that we like? Well the facts are this.
If the trait(s) we wish to continue are Homozygous Dominant (BB) in
both the parent plants then there is no way we can produce a recessive
genotype for that trait in the offspring. We already explained this in
the previous section.
Let's prove this:
Look! It is impossible for the recessive trait to appear.
And if both parents contained the recessive trait we can not
produce the dominant trait. Let us see this in action too.
There we proved that too.
So now we are starting to understand that in order to breed a
trait properly we must know if it is Homozygous or Heterozygous or
Homozygous Recessive before we can understand what it is we are
doing and PREDICT THE RESULTS BEFORE THEY HAPPEN. And
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this ladies and gentlemen is what breeding is all about -
Understanding a trait's genotype, predicting the outcome of a cross
and LOCKING DOWN TRAITS. So how can we lock down a trait you
might ask? Well we will cover this later after we understand a bit more
about this subject matter.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk who
discovered the basic rules of inheritance by analyzing results from his
plant breeding research programs.
He noticed that 2 types of Pea plants gave very uniform
results when breed within their own gene pool and not with one
another. The traits he noticed where:
(This is not a Punnett square. Just an example to show the different
phenotypes seen in two different Pea plant strains.)
He noticed that the offspring all carried the same traits when
they breed in with the same population or gene pool.
Now since there where no variations in with each strain he
guessed that both strains where homozygous for these traits. Because
the pea plants where from the same species Mendel guessed that either
the Solid seed shells where recessive or the wrinkled seed shells where
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recessive. So he used the genotype notations (SS for solid, ss for
wrinkled). He knew that they could not be Ss, because one lot did not
produce any of the other strain's phenotypes when they breed within
their own gene pool.
Let's explain this via 2 basic Punnett squares where SS = Pea plant#1
for the trait of ‘solid seed shells' and ss = pea plant#2 for the trait of
‘Wrinkled seed shells'.
That was Pea plant#1 results. All the offspring will be SS.
That was Pea plant#2 results. All the offspring will be ss.
The First Hybrid Cross:
Mendel made his first hybrid cross between the 2 strains. The
results where all solid seeds! Here is the chart below.
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Now up until this point he did not know which trait from
which plant was recessive or dominant. But since all the seeds where
solid, then he knew that Pea Plant#1 contained the dominant genotype
for seed shape and that Pea Plant#2 contained the recessive genotype
for wrinkled seeds. Also he knew that Pea Plant#2 contained the
recessive genotype for seed shape. This means that in future TEST
CROSSES with other pea strains, he could determine if a seed shape
trait is Homozygous or Heterozygous because he had identified the
recessive trait (ss).
Remember the rules of test crosses to determine this? Here
they are again.
1. The plant with the dominant trait is always crossed with an
organism with the recessive trait.
2. If ANY offspring show the recessive trait, the unknown genotype is
heterozygous
3. If ALL the offspring have the dominant trait, the unknown genotype
is homozygous dominant
4. Large numbers are needed for reliable results.
So the offspring from the last Punnett square where all Ss.
When he crossed 2 parents from the bunch of offspring he got the
following results.
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What he has done here is to mate 2 individuals that are heterozygous
(e.g., Ss) for a seed shape trait. In this group the resulting offspring
will be:
SS
Ss
ss
This means that:
25% of the offspring are homozygous for the dominant allele (BB).
50% are heterozygous like their parents (Bb) and
25% are homozygous for the recessive allele (bb).
Bingo! Remember this a few pages back?
In his first cross to create the hybrid plant Mendel ended up
with NO recessive traits for seed shape. But when he crossed the
offspring because they where heterozygous for that trait he ended up
with some having the recessive trait, some having the homozygous
trait and some continuing the heterozygous trait.
In correct breeding terms his first cross between the plants is
called the F1 cross or F1 generation. The breeding out of those
offspring is called the F2 cross or F2 generation.
Now since he has Ss, ss and SS to work with you can probably
do the Punnett square for each to see how they will work out. It would
be a good time to test your knowledge on this. Compare your results
with what you have learned about ratios in this chapter and you will be
able to see how it all fits together. It is really very simple once you
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know a few rules......but like most things there are exceptions to the
rules.
Back to frequencies:
We know that if two heterozygous parents are crossed that the
ratios will be 50/50 with regards to the allele (Remember the genotype
can be Ss, SS or ss, but the allele is either S or s. Look at the table
below when we cross two heterozygous parents and count the alleles.
SS
Ss
Ss
ss
We can see S S S S (4 x S) and s s s s (4 x s).
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If we break them apart we can see this clearly.
SS
S
S
(Snap)
s
s
ss
Again, we know that if two heterozygous parents are crossed that the
ratios will be 50/50 with regards to the allele.
Now remember Equilibrium? Where we consider a population
with a gene pool that has the sum of all the alleles equal to 100%, but
we may have different ratios? Such as 80% have S and 20% have s or
60% have S and 40% have s. Well maybe we should look at where
these laws collapse and where they fail to work as expected.
There are five reasons when the law of equilibrium fails to work.
These are:
1. Mutation
2. Gene migration
3. Genetic drift
4. Non-random mating
5. Natural selection
Let us go through each one.
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Mutation
A mutation is the change in genetic material, which can give
rise to heritable variations in the offspring. In nature maybe exposure
to radiation will do this. In this case the result will be a mutation of the
plants genetic code and thus when it breeds with the same population
it is effectively a ‘Migration' of foreign genetic material. Even though
nothing new has been added into the population from an outside
population, the mutation of one single plant will act just like another
strain that migrated into the gene pool.
Gene Migration
When we deal with a population of plants we refer to a group
of plants that breed within themselves without any interference from
an outside population. Over time a population will reach equilibrium
and this will be maintained as long as no other population migrates to
this one. When another population is introduced it will cause new
genes to enter the pool. This is called ‘Introgression'. During the
process of introgression many new traits will pop up in the population.
Genetic Drift:
If the population is small equilibrium may be violated. By
chance alone certain members will be eliminated from the population.
We will find that the frequency of an allele will DRIFT towards higher
or lower values.
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Non-random mating and Natural selection:
This suggests that something external may influence a
population to a stage where mating is not random. If some flowers
develop earlier than others then they will gather pollen earlier than the
rest. If some of the males release pollen earlier than others then the
mating is not random. Or maybe all males release their pollen earlier
resulting in some of the later flowering females ending up as a
sinsemilla crop. This means that these late flowering females will not
make their contribution to the gene pool. Again equilibrium will not be
maintained.
With regards to natural selection the environment may cause
a problem with a section of plants. If this section does not survive then
they will not be able to make a contribution to the gene pool. If this is
the case and if selections are made so that other plants do not make a
contribution then we know that trait frequencies can be controlled to a
certain degree. And the ability to control the frequencies of a trait is
what BREEDING IS ALL ABOUT.
HOWTO TRUE BREED A STRAIN
Breeding cannabis strains is all about manipulating gene
frequencies. Most strains that are sold by reputable breeders through
seed-banks are very uniform in growth. This means the breeder has
attempted to lock certain genes down so that the genotypes of those
traits are homozygous.
If we can imagine for a moment that a breeder has two strains
- Master Kush and Silver haze. The breeder lists a few traits that they
like. * Donates the trait that they like.
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This means that they want to create a plant with the following features
and call it something like Silver Kush.
Now all the genetics that they need are in both of the gene pools for
Master Kush and Silver Haze. We could just mix both populations and
hope for the best or we could try to save time, space and money by
calculating the genotype for each trait and using the results to create a
TRUE BREEDING STRAIN (An IBL).
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The first thing the breeder must do is to understand the
genotype of every trait that is featured in his/her ‘ideal' strain. In order
to do this the genotype of each parent strain or population for that
same trait must be understood. Since there are 4 traits that the breeder
is trying to isolate then 4 x 2 = 8 Genotypes for these phenotype
expressions must be made known to the breeder.
Let us take the Pale Green Leaf of the Silver Haze for starters.
The breeder will grow out as many Silver Haze plants as they can find.
They will then note down if any of the population have any other leaf
color trait. If not, then the breeder will note that the trait is
homozygous (We will call the trait - M). Now it can either be MM or
mm. If other colored leaves appear in with the population then the
breeder must assume that the trait is not homozygous, but
heterozygous.
If it is heterozygous then we must lock the trait down before
we can continue. This is done through selective breeding. Let is look
closely at the parents for a moment.
If both parents where MM we would not have seen the
variations in the population for this trait. It is a locked down trait. We
know that this trait will always breed true in its population without any
variations.
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If one of the parents were MM and the other Mm we would
have ended up with a 50/50 population of both variations. But one
group is clearly homozygous (MM) and the other is heterozygous
(Mm).
If both where Mm then we would have 25% MM, 50% Mm
and 25% mm.
Even though we can see the frequencies we still do not know
if the Pale green leaf trait is Dominant or Recessive, but we can find
this out by performing A Test Cross.
Now we are not going to go through the Test Cross chapter
again but we can show you how to isolate the genotype that you need,
which is either MM or mm because we want to breed that trait true.
We must also keep track of the parent plants being used here.
To keep parent plants alive, clone them! The exact same
genetic material will be passed on from clone to clone.
In this this cross do you see MM offspring and the mm
offspring? Well by their very nature they can not be the same. By
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running several Cross Tests we can isolate the plant that is either MM
or mm and break away anyMm from the group. Whether it is MM or
mm, we can still breed the trait true by breeding it with other parents
that are onlyMM or mm respectively. So we may have to do several
test crosses to find a male and female that have either MM or mm for
that trait. Once we have done this we have isolated the genotype and it
will breed true within the same population.
So if we ran a seed-bank company called “PALE GREEN
LEAF ONLY BUT EVERYTHING ELSE IS NOT UNIFORM LTD”
then the seeds that we create will ALL breed PALE GREEN LEAVES
and the customer will be happy. In reality though they want the exact
same plant that won the cannabis cup last year.....or at least something
close to it. So we will have to isolate all the traits that helped that
strain of cannabis to win the cup before people are happy with what
they are buying. I think you get the point.
How many tests it takes to know the genotype is not certain.
You may have to use a wide selection of plants to achieve the goal, but
never the less it is still achievable and much more so than nonselective
breeding in the wild. Each trait must be locked down in a
population, so that the population for that trait is homozygous. The
next step is to lock down other traits in that same population.
Now here is the hard part.
When you are working on a trait you must keep the other traits that
you are looking for in mind.
By breeding alone you may accidentally lock down another
trait that you do not want or even remove traits that you want to keep.
If this happens then you will just have to work harder at keeping the
traits that you want and exploring genotypes through multiple Cross
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Tests. Eventually through selection and keeping records you will end
up with a plant that is true breeding for all the features that you want.
The gene pool is there but the objective is to lock down the traits of the
pool. Also by keeping your own records you will be building up your
own little map of cannabis genes. For instance if someone grows
Blueberry from a known breeder and asks what the berry taste
genotype is, you might be able to tell them a little bit about your
experiences and what you found. This may help them cut corners.
Maybe one day we will be able to genetically map cannabis and
everything will be much easier.
Also a breeder never sits back and says “Right! I am going to
be on the lookout for all 1000 traits that I want.” That is crazy. What
they need to do is concentrate on the main phenotypes that will make
their plant unique in some way. Once they have locked down 4 or 5
traits they can them move on. Step by step is how True breeding
strains are created. If anyone says that they developed a true breeding
strain in 1 or 2 years then you can be sure that the genetics they started
with where somewhat true breeding in the first place. (Known true
breeding strains like Skunk#1 and Afghani#1 have taken 20 years to
get to the stage they are at now.)
Eventually you will have your Silver Kush strain but only
with the 4 genotypes that you wanted to keep. You may still have a
variety of non-uniform plants in the group. Some may have purple
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stems, others may have green stems, some might be very potent, and
others might not be so potent. By constantly selecting new traits that
you want to keep, you can manipulate the strain into a totally true
breeding strain for every phenotype. However it is extremely unlikely
that such a strain exists on the market that is 100% true breeding for
every single phenotype. Such a strain would be called ‘A perfect IBL'.
If you are able to lock down 90% of the plant's phenotypes in a
population then you can claim that your plant is an IBL. I think in
today's world that this would be an acceptable % to reach.
The core Idea behind this technique is to find what is known
as a ‘Donor' plant. A Donor plant is one that contains a true breeding
trait (homozygous Dominant) for that trait. The more lock down traits
are homozygous Dominant the better are your chances of developing
an IBL.
IBL is short for In Breed Line. This does not mean that the
line of genetics will be true breeding for every trait, but in general this
terminology (IBL) used by breeders does refer to a strain as being very
uniform in growth for a high % of the strain's phenotypes.
Let us use the example of hamsters. In a litter of hamsters we
may find that they all have the same phenotypes. If that population
reproduces and no other phenotypes crop up then we can consider the
fact that these hamsters come from an In Breed Line. If the hamsters
continue to breed and all show the same traits without variation then
we know for certain that the gene pool has been locked down.
There are some breeding techniques that you may like to
know about. These techniques can seriously breach the law of Hardy-
Weinberg's Equilibrium. Which in our case can be a good thing
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because it will reduce a trait in a population or promote a trait in a
population. The strain MAY not be true breeding for the selected
traits, but it will certainly help make the population more uniform for
that trait.
CUBING AND BACKCROSSING
Our first cross between the Master Kush plant and the Silver
Haze is known as the F1 hybrid cross. Let us pretend for the moment
that both traits are homozygous for leaf color. The Haze is pale green
the Kush is Dark Green. Which one is MM or mm we do not know?
Until we see the offspring.
This F1 cross will result in hybrid seeds. Now since M is
dominant over m, then we will know which color is more dominant
and from which parent it came from. In the example let us pretend that
the overall results are pale green. This means that the pale green allele
is dominant over the dark green.
M = Silver Haze pale green leaf trait is dominant.
m = Master Kush dark green leaf trait is recessive.
But we also know that because no variations occurred in the
population that both parents where homozygous for that trait. However
ALL the offspring are heterozygous.
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Now here is where we can take a big short cut in manipulating the
gene pool for that population.
By cloning the parent plant MM, we can use this clone in our cross
with the Mm offspring. This is known as a BACKCROSS. Obviously
if our parent is female then we will have to use males from the Mm
selection in out backcross.
Now our first backcross will result in 50% being homozygous for that
trait (MM) and 50% of the offspring being heterozygous (Mm) for that
trait!
If we did not backcross but just used the heterozygous offspring for the
breeding program we would have ended up with:
which is 25% Homozygous Dominant (MM), 50% Heterozygous
(Mm), and 25% Homozygous Recessive (mm).
So backcrossing will seriously control the frequencies of a specific trait
in the offspring.
The first backcross is simply called A BACKCROSS. Now let us see
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what happens when we do our second backcross using the same
PARENT that we are keeping alive through cloning. Our second
backcross is referred too as SQUARING.
Since we are dealing with only 2 types of offspring Mm and MM we
will either repeat our results.....
Which is the same as our results from our first backcross. Or.........
All the offspring will be MM and thus true breeding for that trait.
Those offspring are the results of squaring. We have not really cubed
anything here, but this is a good example to get you started because it
shows how we can manipulate a population by backcrossing.
Cubing in reality is less controlled than this. Cubing is a way
of increasing the frequency in a population for a certain trait. It MAY
not result in true breeding but it will promote a trait in a bunch of
plants. Also the actual selection process is somewhat random.
In a population we select a mother plant that we want to keep
because of her features. In the same population we gather pollen from
50% of the males that have characteristics similar to the mother plant
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and 50% that do not. The pollen is mixed in their respective portions.
So we have two packets of pollen in the end. We must clone the female
to create 2 females. We then use the 2 packets of pollen on each clone
separately.
When we grow out the offspring from the two females we will
select the population of the offspring that mostly resembles the mother
plant traits that we are looking to promote in the population. What
happens is that the best male pollen should have been selected by the
female as the one that she prefers. The reason for taking the 2 sets of
pollen from 2 sets of males is to create a control experiment to show
how this method actually interferes with the frequencies of the gene
pool. By right, your selection of poor male pollen will only bring about
a poorer quality population that do not resemble the female clone.
In reality we only select pollen from the best males that most
resembles the female when we use this method.
Do you remember one of the laws that breaks equilibrium?
Non-random mating and Natural selection. Well that is what we are
doing here.
The resulting offspring should have a high frequency for the
traits that we like in the mother plant.
The problem is that we do not know which male from the
bunch is the one that WON this female over, but it is quicker and less
time consuming in creating a strain that is somewhat uniform for a
specific trait.
By repeating the process we can help increase the mother
plants trait frequency in the offspring's population but we will
probably end up with some plants that are non-uniform for that trait.
The best way to achieve this process is as follows. Find a
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female that you like and clone this female and her male parent. Take
pollen from the male parent and pollinate the female. The offspring
should contain a 50%/50% of the genes for both parents.
Take pollen from the males of that offspring and mix them
together. Pollinate a clone of the mother. This step should insure that
selection is no longer random and you are promoting the frequency of
the mother's traits in the next offspring.
Repeat the process two more times and you will have
effectively CUBED (meaning backcross x 3) this strain. This can push
the mother plants traits as high as 90% in a population but we will
probably get some non-uniform plants in the offspring too.
Cubing does not really help us to select for traits that we
want, like in our Silver Kush experiment. It simply helps us to keep a
few traits that a mother plant has. Cubing is a common procedure
adopted by breeders who find a good healthy mother plant in a
selection of seeds that someone has given them.
This method can also fail very quickly if your selection of
males are the wrong choice.
SELFING
Selfing is the ability for a plant to produce seeds without the
aid of another plant. This refers to hermaphrodite plants that selfpollinate.
There is no such thing as a ‘gene pool' or population with
regards to hermaphrodites since the only pollen that a hermaphrodite
will use is the pollen that it generates itself. Both male and female
flowers are located on the same plant. There can be variations in the
offspring though.
It is nearly impossible for a hermaphrodite to create any male
only plants. A hermaphrodite may create female only seeds and
hermaphrodite seeds. Also the female only seeds may carry the
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hermaphrodite trait.
Extra Notes on Selfing by Vic High:
[These notes where taken from a commentary that took place on the
Internet and are worth reading. Nothing has been changed or omitted.
Notes Provided by Vic High, BCGA breeder]
Notes and Interviews byMr XX
100% Female Seeds
Posted by TheSiliconMagician on February 13, 1999 at 05:17:41 PT:
As some of you know I have been a regular in the chat room
for awhile now and I spend large amounts of time in there. Anyway, I
have had the extreme pleasure of speaking to Mr. XX. over the last
few nights for many hours and have gotten to know him quite well via
E-mail and the chat. As it turns out he confided in me and a few others
about his process for coming up with 100% Seeds.
Now, Mr. XX is a very nice guy. Funny to and its always a
pleasure to speak with him. The guy does not speak English too well
but his wit comes through the rough language and he's a riot to talk to.
He is a pure lover of cannabis. He feels that everyone should share and
share alike and help the community in general.
He simply wants to share his knowledge with the cannabis
community because he has spent 15 years researching this and I spoke
with him in depth about it. Done with Mr.XX's permission because he
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wants everyone to be able to do this.
He stressed literally hundreds of plants with an irregular
photoperiod.
What he does is put the lights on 12/12 for 10 days. Then turns the
lights on 24 hours, then 12/12 again for a few days, then back to 24
hours for a day, then 12/12 again for a few weeks.
If he does this and no hermaphrodites come up. He has found
a 100% XX female that cannot go hermaphrodite naturally. He says
that your chances of finding a 100% XX female is vastly increased
when using Indica genetics. He told me that the more Afghani or
Nepalese genetics the plant has, the better the chances of finding a
natural XX female. His exact words were "Where did Mother Nature
give weed a home at originally?"
I tried to get him to narrow it down to a ratio, but he never
specified just how many plants per are XX females his exact words are
"plenty of XX girls for everybody" and that is all he will say on the
subject. Only that it takes a lot of time and a lot of plants to find that
one female.
He then uses Gibrellic acid. 30 centilitres of water with 2
grams of Gibrellic acid [Authors note: This is an incorrect amount
please follow the directions at the end of this section next to the *
mark. TSM did correct himself but not in this post. He did so later on.]
(Continued) and 2 drops of Natruim Hydroxide to liquefy the Gibrellic.
Then applies as normal and creates the male flowers. He has as pud
said gotten down to the 4th Generation with
NO loss of vigor, NO genetic deficiencies and NO hermaphrodites. He
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claims that the plants are EXACT GENETIC CLONES of one
another. Complete sisters. Basically it's clone from seed instead of
from normal cloning methods.
Posted by TheSiliconMagician on February 13, 1999 at
05:17:41 PT:
Mr.XX also says that it is easy for the home grower to find an
XX female. It's a very time consuming process but a straightforward
one. He says that home growers should confine themselves to ONE
strain. Mr. XX used a Skunk#1 x Haze x Hawaiian Indica. He says to
separate those plants from your main grow and stress the hell out of
them. Do this over and over with every new crop of seeds you get of
that strain until you find the XX female. While this is probably
difficult it is by no means impossible.
Another anecdote "The slimmer the fingers the harder it is to
find the XX girls", so if you have that Columbian Sativa.. it is going to
be nearly impossible for you to find that 1 female.. he says it's possible,
but very unlikely.. TSM
* CORRECTION: 0.02g of Gibrellic, NOT 2 grams
And this concludes the chapter on Basic Breeding. Hopefully
in later editions we will be to expand on what we have mentioned here
and show you some examples of some breeding projects and how they
work. In the meantime you should have enough information here to
start work on your own cannabis strain.
I wish to thank Vic High, Chimera and Strawdog for making a
major contribution to this chapter.
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Chapter 16
STRAIN INDEX
This section contains a list of cannabis strains that you will
more than likely come across if you shop around.
KEY
* = A very good strain.
** = Suitable for new growers.
*** = Not suitable for new growers.
TB = Indicates an IBL strain.
OUT = Not suitable for indoors.
P = High potency.
C = No seeds available. Clone format only.
INDICA STRAINS
Afghani - *, **, TB,
Afghani #1 - *, **, TB, P
Bazooka
BC Hash Plant
Black Domina - P
Champagne - P, C
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Cream Sodica
Domino
Durga Mata
G-13 -P, C
Hindu Kush - *, **, TB
KC36
Kong
Kush -*, **, TB,
M-9
Mango
Mangolian Indica
Masterkush - *, **
Mazar
Northern Lights - *, **, TB, P
Pluton 2
Purple Star
Romberry - *, P
Shishkeberry - *, P
Shiva -*, **, P
Slyder
Twilight
Williams Wonder
MOSTLY INDICA STRAINS
Aurora Borealis
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Big Bud - *, **
Big Treat
Blueberry - *, **
Buddha
Chemo -*, C
Chitral
Chronic -*
Early Bud
Early Girl -*, **
Eclipse
El Nino
Great White Shark -*, P
Hawaiian Indica x Skunk #1
Hawaiian/Skunk
Himalayan Gold -*
Inca Spirit
K2
M39 -*
Matanuska Valley ThunderFuck -*, C
MCW (MightyMite x Chemo x Widow) -*
Mister Nice
Misty
Northern Lights #1 -*, **, P
Northern Lights #2 (Oasis) -*, **, P
Northern Lights #5 -*,**, P
Peak 19
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Romulan -*
Sensi Star
Shiva Shanti -*, **
Sweet Tooth -*
Texada Timewarp -*, P
Top 44 -*, **
Yumbolt -*
SATIVA STRAINS
Cambodian -***, P, OUT
Durban Thai x Cinderella 99 -***, P
Haze Strains -***, TB, P, OUT
Malawi -***, OUT
Swazi -***, TB, P, OUT
Thai -***, TB, P, OUT
MOSTLY SATIVA STRAINS
B-52
Beatrix Choice
Cinderella 88/99 -*, **, P
Durban
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Durban Poison -*, **, P
Durban X Skunk
Durban/Thai -***, P, OUT
Early Pearl - *, **
Early Skunk - *, **
Haze #1 -***, P, OUT
Haze #19 -***, P, OUT
Haze Skunk -***, P, OUT
Kali Mist -*, **, P
Lambs bread Skunk -*, P
Mexican Sativa -***, OUT
MullimbimbyMadness -*, ***, P, OUT
Neville's Haze -*, ***, P, OUT
Original Haze -*, ***, P, OUT, TB
Power Plant -*, **, P, OUT
Pure Haze -***, P, OUT
Purple Haze -*, ***, P, OUT
Purple Skunk -*, ***, P, OUT
Sensi Skunk -*, **, TB, P
Shaman -*
Silver Haze -*, ***, P, OUT
Skunk #1 -*, **, TB, P
Skunk Passion -*
Skunk Red Hair
Super Haze -*, ***, P, OUT
Super Silver Haze -*, ***, P, OUT
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Swazi X Skunk -***, OUT
Voodoo
INDICA / SATIVA MIX STRAINS
AK-47 -*, P
Apollo 11 -*, P
Blue Heaven
BubbleGum -*, **, P
California Indica
California Orange
Dutch Dragon - *, **, P
Early Riser - *
Euforia -*, P
Flo -*
Fruit Loop
Green Spirit
Hawaiian Indica -*
Holland's Hope
Jack Flash -*, P
Jack Herer -*, P
Juicy Fruit -*
KC 33
Killer Queen -*, P
Leda Uno
Mighty Dutch
Nebula
Night Queen
Orange Crush -*
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Orange Strains
Plum Bud
Pole Cat -*
Purple #1 -*, **
Purple Power -*, **
Rosetta Stone -*
Shiva Skunk -*, **, TB
Silver Pearl -*
Skunk Indica -*, **
Space Queen -*
Special K
Stonehedge -*
Super Skunk -*, **, TB, P
Trance -*
White Rhino
White Russian -*
White Widow -*, **, TB, P
This concludes the list of known strains on the market today.
We will be updating this list with more feedback from you, the reader.
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Chapter 17
HOW TO MAKE HASH
Hash is a compressed format of the cannabis drug but it is not
just compressed bud. In fact compressed bud has nothing to do with
Hash contrary to public belief.
Cannabinoids are the major drugs produced by the cannabis
plant. We have already looked at Trichomes and we understand that
these tiny stalked resin glands contain our THC and other
cannabinoids. We also know that female flowers produce the majority
of the little trichomes. Now this is all over the flower's surface and are
correctly called “stalked capitate trichomes”. Since we are on this topic
we will ask you to refer to Figures 1.12 and 1.14 in chapter 1. The
gland heads (the rounded tips) secrete the major cannabinoids within
an oil-like substance that you can remove by rubbing your fingers over
the bud. We normally refer to this substance as resin. The stalks that
support the gland heads are secondary to the head in cannabinoid
production amounts. The gland and the stalks may also burst. In the
case of a strain like afghani#1 that is thick with resin, this sometimesexplosive
action of the gland is automatic.
The reason why the cannabis plant produces resin oils is to
gather fallen pollen from the male plant.
When we smoke bud we hope to covert the oil into a vapor
that we can inhale. However the surface of the flowers is not the only
area which produce cannabinoids. It is known that the bulbous glands
on the leaves produce cannabinoids and so does the stem, but these are
only in minor quantities compared to the stalked capitate trichomes.
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Hash is made primarily from the collection of the stalked
capitate trichomes. When the collected trichomes are compressed they
form a blocky mass which we refer to as Hashish.
HOWTO GATHER THE STALKED CAPITATE
TRICHOMES:
There are many ways to do this ranging from bulk hash
production to small finger sized quantities. Also each method will
produce different qualities or grades of hashish. Some methods will
gather only the trichomes, while other methods will gather trichomes
and some other subsidiary elements like leaf particles and branch
shavings. Water extraction seems to be the best way of achieving
trichome extraction only. Let us look at each home method. We will
not discuss other methods used for mass production by some eastern
countries as these are somewhat substandard to the home methods
mentioned below. In fact some of these ‘old eastern practices' are less
common in their native homelands now because of these updated
methods.
There is also a preparation process that you must go through
with your dried plants before you attempt any of the methods outlined
below.
SKUFF
When you harvest your bud you will have trimmed the leaves
away from the bud. This trim is what we refer to as Skuff. Skuff should
be sticky. So whether it is on the stem or branch or leaf or bud, if it
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feels sticky then you can use it to extract the resin. Now if you really
want to be a connoisseur about this then you should examine your
skuff for trichomes with a microscope. If any parts of the skuff do not
have trichomes then discard them.
You must take this trim and store it much the same way as
you would canned bud for 3 to 6 weeks.
Also the quality of the overall result can not be much better
than the genetics that you started with in the first place. If you used
plants that where not very potent then don't expect to produce very
potent hash from them.
BASICS OF SCREENING
Flat Silk Screening:
Screening is a process much like cheese grating but on a
much finer level. A silk screen is stretched across a square wooden
frame and nailed tight to it. The screen typically has a pour size
between 180 to 120 microns. The smaller the microns the higher the
quality but less the amount. The larger micron pours will result in
larger sieved amounts but some leaf matter and branch trim will drop
through. This will degrade the quality of hash that you smoke.
Actually typical street hash is not nearly as fine or better in quality
than the larger pour screen method.
The bud is placed over the screen and can either be manually
dragged across the screen or rolled across the screen using a roller.
Manually it is much easier if you are using smaller quantities of bud
but for larger quantities another method should be adopted like the
automatic tumbling method. A sheet of glass placed under the screen
is the best way of catching the matter that falls through the screen.
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After the process is finished the screen can be patted down to shake
any powder that is stuck in the pours.
Flat Metal Screening:
This is done much like the flat silk screen method but before
the flat silk is used the bud will go through a metal grating process.
The metal grate is usually made from tough nylon or stainless steel
and is of equal proportions in pour size to the silk screen. By first
using the metal grate we can remove more matter from the bud than
the single silk screen would do. The bud matter that passes through the
metal screen can then be sieved through the silk screen by shaking the
screen back and forth over a glass surface. You can end up with 2
grades of sieved bud residue this way. The silk screening should
produce mostly trichomes.
Multiple Screening Method:
This is a refined version of the above two methods. Several
screens can be used in this method but the average is four of five. Each
screen running from start to finish should have a different micron
measurement starting from the largest and running down to the
smallest silk screen. The bud matter is sieved through the first screen
and then down onto the second screen. The process is repeated picking
up and sieving with each new screen until most of the matter has
passed through. You should end up with several screens that contain
bud matter running down to the finer trichomes on the last screen.
This is an excellent way to achieve the best results. You should end up
with several screens each with different qualities of cannabis residue.
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PROPER SCREENING METHODS
Now that you have an idea of what screening is about we can
look at it in better detail. This explanation will apply to all of the
above screening methods.
We stated that a metal screen is used first followed by a silk
screen. Nowadays steel fabrics can be bought in sizes that have much
smaller pours than even the finest silk screen.
You should typically look for a metal screen that is ranged
somewhere between 100 lines per inch to 140 per inch. A common
screen used by most home hash makers is a screen with 120 lines. A
wooden frame is constructed to hold the screen in place on one side.
You can glue the screen on or nail it into place.
Take 4 small wooden blocks and place them over a sheet of
glass or a mirror. Place the screen over the blocks. Have a gap of an
inch or so between the mirror and the screen. Place small amounts of
skuff on the screen and gently role it back and forth across the screen
using a credit card or similar plastic object. Do this very gently, over
and back and over and back and over and back. You may have to push
the skuff over and back a hundred times before you can see the tiny
resin glands gather on the mirror below. All this is done with very
little pressure.
Once you have collected as much resin glands as possible use
the card to sweep them off the mirror and onto another surface. Now
take the ‘used' skuff and this time apply a bit more pressure to it as
you roll it back and forth across the screen. With this little bit of extra
force applied you will be able to knock through any resin glands that
did not fall through the first time, but you will also push through some
veg material such as branch shavings and leaf particles. This second
round of pressing will result in a lower quality grade of skuff.
You see skuff is skuff. From when you cure your trim to the
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point where you sieve it through, it is still skuff. Your objective is to
try and collect as much resin from the skuff as possible. You will not
end up with hash, but you will end up with different grades of skuff
that can be used to make hash later.
You can smoke the different grades of skuff there and then,
but you may notice that it is hard to do so. Since this powder is so fine
it will typically fall from a joint easily or pass through the pours of a
pipe screen. In order to solve this problem we must compress the skuff
into hashish. This we will discuss later after we talk about other
extraction techniques.
DrumMachines:
A drum machine is an automatic screening device. You will probably
have to build one yourself but this is easy enough to do with the right
materials. The size of the unit depends on how much cannabis you
wish to sieve at a time. Most drum machines have a 1.5 - 2ft diameter.
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This is a simple example of what a drum machine looks like.
In between the two wooden cylinders is the screen. The cannabis trim
is placed inside this screen and a small motor attached to the side
rotates the drum. As it rotates, very slowly (2 rotations a minute), the
trichomes drop through the sieve onto the surface stand between the
legs of the drum. A simple mirror or sheet of glass is best used to catch
the skuff. You can keep the tumbler rotating for up to 1 hour to get the
most from your skuff without applying any pressure. If you want to
apply more pressure to the skuff then place a small wooden cylinder in
with the barrel. This will help press the skuff as it passes under the
cylinder. Different sized screens can be used to extract better quality
skuff.
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Water Extraction:
Resin glands can be removed from the cannabis plant by
agitating the trim in cold water, typically ice cold water or water that
has been chilled in a fridge overnight. The trim is placed in a bucket
and the cold water is poured in on top. The whole lot is swirled or
mixed around using a blender. After mixing you let it sit for a few
minutes before scooping out the skuff that is floating on the surface.
The remaining liquid is strained through a sieve. By sieving this liquid
through a coffee sieve you will be able to collect most of the trichomes,
as they will not pass through with the water. Just let the coffee sieve
dry and hey presto!, you got excellent grade skuff to make hash from.
The basic idea behind this is that cold water breaks the glands
away from the leaf matter. The glands will eventually sink to the
bottom of the bucket because they are heavier than water. The bulk leaf
matter should stay afloat which can be easily scooped away.
HOWTO PRESS SKUFF INTO HASH
Again the quality of the skuff will determine the quality of
hash that you will smoke. Remember on the first chapter we talked
about Zero Zero?
Well this is a term used to grade the quality of hashish. The
simple ratio is cannabinoids : vegetable material. Good quality hashish
has a high ratio of cannabinoids to vegetable material. 00 is a term
used byMoroccans to express that the hash has the highest level of
cannabinoids to vegetable achieved by their extraction process. You
can almost imagine that this is the finest skuff available compressed
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into hashish. To compress hashish is simple.
Take your fine skuff and put into a cellophane bag. Fold it
into a block shape. Tape the ends of the cellophane down to create the
package.
Press it with your hands to make it more even and try to
create the best square block you can with it. Use a pin to make a few
holes on both side of the bag. Just scatter a few around. A hole per
square inch is a good measurement to go by.
Get two or three newspaper pages and dampen it down with a
cloth that has just been rinsed. Don't break the paper just dampen it
down. Set an Iron to low heat and place the newspaper over the
cellophane bag. Hold the iron down over the paper and press it down
with medium pressure for fifteen seconds. Turn the bag over and place
the newspaper on top again. Wet it down if need. Press again for the
same amount of time. You should only have to do this once or trice per
side.
Let the bag cool for five minutes and remove the cellophane.
Voila! You have a nice block of hash like in the picture on the
introduction pages to this book. Easy as pie! Also your quality of hash
will be better than the street hash you find on the market. Street hash
tends to be made from the less finer skuff material to make more
blocks of hash at a lesser quality. If you smoke homemade hash then
you will probably understand why 90% of street hash is sold at rip-off
prices. Those big ounce chucks you buy probably only contain 10% of
the good stuff, if any at all!
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Many countries use most of these techniques to make hash.
You can almost imagine that in order to achieve bulk amounts you will
have to use a lot of skuff in conjunction with a lot of employees or
several drum machines working around the clock.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Acidity: Acidity is Indicated by a pH value Below 7.
Aerate: Loosening or puncturing the soil to increase water penetration.
Afghani: A short Indica land race strain from Afghanistan. Very
resinous.
Air layering: A specialized method of cloning a plant which is
accomplished by growing new roots from a branch while the branch is
still connected to the parent plant.
Alkaline: Having a pH value of above 7.
Alternate host: One of two kinds of plants on which a parasitic fungus
must develop to complete its life cycle.
Alternate: To be "located directly across from", or it can apply to
stamens when between the petals.
Annual: Completing one life cycle.
Bactericide: A chemical compound that kills or inhibits bacteria.
Bale: Any package of marijuana weighing over 10 lbs.
Ballast: A transformer used mainly with HID lighting equipment.
Bhang: An Indian and Middle Eastern drink made from cannabis.
Biennial: Completing the life cycle in two growing seasons. Cannabis
is not biennial.
Biological Control: Total or partial destruction of pathogen
populations by other organisms.
Blight: Rapid death of a leaf.
Blotch: A disease characterized by large irregular spots on a leaf.
Blue light: Mercury based light or a Metal Halide light.
Blunt: A joint rolled in a tobacco-leaf wrapper.
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Bong: A water-cooled pipe made from glass.
Bonsai: The art of growing carefully trained plants.
Bract: A small leaf or scale-like structure associated with and
subtending an inflorescence or cone.
Bud: Female flower.
Caespitose: Growing in tufts.
Calyx: Outer whorl of flowering parts; collective term for all the sepals
of a flower.
Cambium: The thin membrane located just beneath the bark of a plant.
Canker: A canker is a necrotic often sunken area on a stem, trunk, or
branch of a plant.
Cannabinoids: The psychoactive compound found in cannabis.
Chillum: A small fat pipe made of clay.
Chlorophyll: The green pigment in leaves. When present and healthy
usually dominates all other pigments. It is important in the conversion
of CO2 and H2O into glucose.
Chlorosis: Chlorosis is the yellowing of normally green tissues due to
the destruction of the chlorophyll or the partial failure of the
chlorophyll to develop.
Chronic: A strain of cannabis or a high-quality cannabis weed.
Clasping: Leaf partly or wholly surrounding the stem.
Clones: Rooted Cuttings. Normally considered female in the context
they are spoken about unless otherwise directed.
CO2: The chemical formula for carbon dioxide.
Cola: Refers to the main branch of cannabis flowers located at the top
of the stem.
Colombian: Common imported bud from Colombia. Also a strain.
Compost: An organic soil amendment resulting from the
decomposition of organic matter.
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Corolla: Inner whorl of floral parts; collective name for petals.
Creeping: To creep along a structure usually using the structure for
support.
Dieback: Dieback is the progressive death of branches or shoots
beginning at the tips and moving toward the main stem.
Dioecious: The male and female flowers are on different plants.
Disease: Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from
continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or an environmental factor/
Dividing: The process of splitting up plants into separate groups.
Doobie: A common expression for hash or weed.
Dope: A slang term for cannabis. Sometimes it is a slang term used for
Heroin.
Double Digging: Preparing the soil by systematically digging an area
to the depth of two shovels.
Epidermis: The outer most layer of cells of the leaf and of young
stems and roots.
Evergreen: A plant that never loses all of its leaves at one time.
Fan Leaves: They are the largest leaves of the cannabis plant that
gather the most available light.
Fertilizer: A plant food, which when complete should contains all
three of the primary elements -N.P.K.
Floret: A Small flower.
Flower: Seed producing structure of a plant.
Foliar Feeding: Fertilizer applied in liquid form to the plant's foliage
in a fine spray.
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Four Twenty: (4:20), the time of day that is okay to start smoking.
Fungicide: A compound toxic to fungi.
Gall: Swelling of plant cells.
Ganja: Term for pot derived from India but associated also with pot
from Jamaica.
Genotype: The genetic constitution of an individual, esp. as
distinguished from the phenotype; the whole of the genes in an
individual or group.
Germinate: The process of the sprouting of a seed.
Glabrous: Smooth, no hairs present.
Glands: Refers to resin producing part of the cannabis plant.
Glandular: Bearing glands.
Grafting: The uniting of a short length of stem of one plant onto the
rootstock or stem of a different plant.
Grass: A very common term for cannabis.
Habitat: Natural setting where a plant grows. Usually refers to a
specific plant community.
Hash/Hashish: Compressed Cannabis Resin.
Hemp: This is the stalk and stems produced from the cannabis plant
that are used to make fabrics.
Herb: Another term used loosely to refer to cannabis.
Hermaphrodite: A trait of a plant where both the male and female
flowers are located on the same plant.
HID: High Intensity Discharge light system.
Hookah: A large water pipe from India.
Host: A plant that is invaded by a parasite and from which the
parasite obtains its nutrients.
HPS: A high Pressure Sodium Light.
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Humus: The brown or black organic part of soil resulting from the
partial decay of leaves and other matter.
Hybrid: The offspring of two plants of different species or varieties of
those species.
Hydroponics: The science of growing plants in mineral solutions or
liquid, instead of in soil.
Indica: A species of cannabis plant.
Infection: The formation of a parasite within or on a host plant.
Infectious Disease: A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can
spread from a diseased to a healthy plant.
Inflorescence: The flower cluster of a plant.
Inoculum: The pathogen or its parts that can cause infection.
Internode : The distance between branches along the stem.
Joint: A cannabis cigarette.
Kief: A term from Morocco used to explain a fine grade of quality
Skuff.
Lateral: Referring to side(s) of the plant structure.
Leaching: The removal or loss of excess salts or nutrients from soil.
Leaflet: Segment of a compound leaf.
Leafy: Having numerous leaves.
Lesion: An area of diseased tissue, normally with a change in color.
Linear: Resembling a line; long and narrow and of uniform width.
Also refers to uniform growth.
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Loam: A rich soil composed of clay, sand and organic matter.
Lobe: A major expansion or bulge-like shape, as at the margin of a leaf
or petal.
Lumen: A scientific measurement for luminosity from a light source.
Manure: Organic matter, usually the excrement of an animal such a
horse, which is used as a rich fertilizer.
Margin: The edge, generally of a leaf.
Marijuana: Another term for cannabis.
Mary Jane: A codeword for marijuana.
MH: Metal Halide light system.
Micronutrients: Mineral elements that are needed by some plants in
very small quantities.
Mildew: A powdery growth on the plant's surface.
Mother: A selected mother plant kept for its vigor or likable
characteristics by the grower. It is used for cloning and breeding.
Mottle: Refers to irregular patterns on the leaf of light and dark areas
like blotches.
Mutation: A change in genetic material brought about by an abnormal
influence such as radiation.
Native: A plant that occurs and grows naturally in a specific region or
locality.
Necrosis: A necrosis is dead tissue on areas of the plant.
Nematicide: A chemical compound that kills nematodes.
Nematode: Microscopic, wormlike animals that live in water or soil,
or as parasites of plants and animals.
Node: Position on a stem from which one or more structures
(especially branches) arise.
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NPK: Abbreviation for nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potassium
(K), the three primary nutrients for plants.
Oil: Refers to cannabis resin when it is not in a solid state.
Organic: This refers to a method of gardening utilizing only materials
derived from living things and not man made chemicals.
Osmosis: The process by which a solvent passes through a semipermeable
membrane into a region of greater solute concentration, so
as to make the concentrations on the two sides more nearly equal.
Paraquat: A defoliant used to kill the cannabis plant around the world.
Parasite: An organism living on or in another living organism (host)
and obtaining its food from the latter.
Pathogen: An entity that can incite disease.
Peat moss: The partially decomposed remains of various mosses. Used
as a substrate.
Peduncle: The stalk of a flower or of a flower cluster.
Perennial: Living for more than two years or growing seasons.
Perianth: The floral envelopes; collectively the calyx and corolla,
especially when they are alike.
Perlite: A form of obsidian consisting of vitreous globules expandable
by heating and used for insulation but in our case it is used as a plant
growing medium.
Petiole: Leaf stalk.
pH: The pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution.
Photoperiod: The timed amount of light that a plant receives.
Photosynthesis: The chemical process in plants in which carbon
dioxide and water are converted into glucose by the influence of light
energy.
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Phototropism: The inclination, which plants have, to grow towards
light.
Phyllotaxy: How leaves are arranged on a branch or stem.
Pinching: Using the thumb and forefinger to lightly crush a branch or
stem which promotes further branching and causes the plant to bush
more.
Pistil: The ovule-bearing organ of a flower.
Pollen: The male gametes or microspores of a seed plant, produced as
a fine granular or powdery substance in the anthers of a flower or the
male cone of a gymnosperm and usu. transported by wind or insects.
Pollinate: Convey pollen to or deposit pollen on a stigma, an ovule, a
flower, a plant and so allow fertilization.
Pot: Another term for cannabis.
Potency: The strength of the cannabis drug. Usually measured by the
THC levels in a plant.
Predator: A predator is an insect or animal that feeds off other
animals, insects or plants.
Pruning: The cutting and trimming of plants to remove dead or injured
wood, or to control and direct the new growth of a plant.
Red light: Usually refers to a Sodium based light (HPS).
Reefer : Another term used for dried cannabis. Specifically a cannabis
cigarette.
Resistance: The ability of an organism to exclude or overcome a
problem.
rH: Abbreviation for relative humidity. The relative humidity is
expressed in a percentage and measured with a hygrometer.
Roach : A filter for a cannabis cigarette.
Root ball: The network of roots along with the attached soil of any
given plant.
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Root bound: A condition that exists when a potted plant has outgrown
its container.
Roots: The colorless underground, part of a vascular plant which
serves to anchor it and convey nourishment.
Rot: Rot is the disintegration, discoloration, and decomposition of
plant tissue.
Rust: Rust is a plant disease that gives a "rusty" appearance to an
infected surface of the plant.
Sativa: A species of cannabis plant.
Scorch: Scorch is the burning or drying and browning of leaf margins.
Usually caused by overfeeding.
Senescent: The growing old and dying back of plant tissue.
Sepal: Can mean a leaf or segment of the calyx.
Serrated: Having jagged edges.
Sinsemilla: Refers to non-pollinated female cannabis plants.
Skuff: Sifted resin from the cannabis plant.
Skunk: An old strain of cannabis that has a strong smell and sour
taste.
Spliff: A term used to describe a cannabis cigarette.
Staking: The practice of driving a stake into the ground next to, and as
a support for, a plant.
Stamen: The male organ of the flower that bears pollen.
Stash: A personal amount of cannabis.
Stigma: The receptive part of the pistil.
Stipule: Appendage at base of leaf stalk, often leaf or scale-like.
Stoma: An organ in the leaves of plants. The stomata allow the plant
to breathe.
Stout: Thick and sturdy.
Substrate: Refers to the growing medium.
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Susceptible: Lacking the inherent ability to resist disease.
Symptom: The external and internal reactions or alterations of a plant
as a result of a disease.
Taxa: A group of plants, defined by the scientific plant classification
system.
Terminal: At the tip of a structure.
Tetrahydrocannabinol/THC: The psychoactive cannabinoid in
marijuana that is responsible for the high or drug effect.
Thai stick: A cannabis sweet made by wrapping cannabis around a
thin bamboo splint.
THC: See - Tetrahydrocannabinol/THC.
Thinning: Removing some plants to allow sufficient room for the
remaining plants to grow.
Toke: To inhale cannabis.
Transpiration: The release of moisture through the leaves of a plant.
Transplant: The process of moving one plant from it's medium to
another medium or another location.
Underground: A nasty term used to describe a movement of the people
who grow and share cannabis.
Vascular: Term applied to a plant tissue or region consisting of
conductive tissue.
Vegetative: The growth phase of a plant that occurs before flowering
and after the seedling stage.
Vermiculite: Any of a group of hydrated silicates resulting from the
alteration of biotite and ultra basic rocks; spec. a monoclinic
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aluminosilicate of magnesium occurring as platy yellow or brown
crystals or foliated scales. Flakes of this mineral used as a moistureholding
medium for plant growth or a protective covering for bulbs
etc.
Virus: A sub microscopic obligate parasite consisting of nucleic acid
and protein.
Weed: A common term used to describe cannabis.
Whorl. Group of three or more structures of the same kind (generally
leaves or flower parts) at the same node.
Wilt: Wilt is what happens when the leaves of a plant droop.
Zonked: To be very stoned. Usually refers to the Indica type high.
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CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
It is by practical application of this book that the journey from
novice grower to guru is achievable. Never try to do more than what
you can.
As a whole the following factors are the most important in
achieving good results.
-Light
-Genetics
-Preventing a problem instead of solving it
-Air circulation
-Soil
-Pot/Container Size
-Fertilizers
-12/12
Light:
Without a doubt light is a very important factor in bud
production and plant growth. Although results can be achieved using a
250W HID or fluorescent tubes, a 400W HID is better. A 600W HID
will produce a much better crop than a 400W HID and a 1K HID is the
best single light available on the market today. If you are not getting
the bud sizes that this book is showing you then upgrade your light
system. It still has to be said that not everyone wants to grow this
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amount of bud and a 1K HID does cost a good bit of money to run.
However with a 1K HID light you will improve your results.
Also conserving light is important. Use reflectors, white walls
and Mylar to keep the spread of light even and contained in your grow
room. Any light leaks mean that usable light is being lost. You're
paying for it so try and use as much of it as you can. Your plants will
love you for this.
Genetics:
It goes without saying that a plant with genetic traits for low
bud production amounts and potency will not create an outstanding
plant. If you start with bad genetics you will only end with bad results
no matter what you do or how good a grower you are.
If you want to obtain good genetics then get your seeds from a
seed-bank that advertises good strains from reputable breeders. Most of
the best breeders enter competitions such as the ‘Cannabis Cup' in
Amsterdam. You should pay a visit to Amsterdam and sample what
the breeders have to offer in the coffee shops. The coffee shop owners
will sometimes tell you where you can get seeds from some bud that
you liked to smoke.
Most of the cannabis plant pictures in this book come from
well-known strains that breeders have produced. Most of these strains
can be bought through seed-banks.
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Preventing a problem instead of solving it:
Prevention is better than cure. Any problem will stunt growth
to some degree. Solving the problem before it happens entails knowing
what problems to expect during your grow. This book has explained
some of the problems you will face. Healthy plants are rewarding
plants. Take good care of your plant's health and reap the rewards for
doing so.
Air circulation:
Very important. Outdoor plants do not have this problem but
indoor plants can sometimes stunt or grow weakly if they do not get
fresh air. Fresh air is important to replace any impurities that build up
in your grow room. Also the percentage of different compounds that
make up air can change or fluctuate if new air is not introduced into
the grow room. This can cause problems with your grow. Also heat
can build up in spaces that do not have good air ventilation. A rise in
temperatures can cause a plant to stunt. Keep fresh air moving around
your grow room at all times for the best results.
Dust is also a problem. In a grow room you need to use
ventilation to keep dust from settling on your sticky bud. Those tiny
pistils are producing the resin that you want. A big blob of dust on a
pistil will only stunt its growth, not to mention reduce the overall
effect that the bud has when you sample it.
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Air circulation also brings a mild wind to your grow. This is
important for stem and branch growth. Wind will make the plant react
by stressing it a little. That reaction is thicker stem and branch growth.
This is important for bud production, as the plant will be thicker,
stronger and healthier overall. I have seen growers use fans in their
grow rooms that can triple the width of a stem. On more than one
occasion I have seen indoor stems that are 2 inches thick and the plant
was only 4 foot high! That plant produced the most bud in the same
strain population too. The reason for this was because it was located
very near to the main fan and was directly under the light. The
growing conditions where optimal for that plant. It loved it.
Soil:
This is the medium that your plant will grow in throughout its
life. If the soil does not suite cannabis then cannabis will not grow well
in that medium no matter how good a grower you are. You may have
to experiment with soil before you find a good soil that suites cannabis.
Do not ever underestimate how important soil is. Make sure the pH is
right and the nutrients that your plant needs are in the soil. Soils
should hold a bit or water but should also drain well. We don't want
muds or fast draining soils. Find a middle soil that does both well.
360
Pot/Container Size:
Also make sure that you use plenty of soil in large containers.
I can tell you right now that a container that is only 4” x 4” will stunt
your overall yield. You will be able to produce close to 0.5 Oz per
plant (if the plant has good genetics) in a pot of this size, but a 6” x 6”
will allow much more bud growth. A standard pot size for higher
quantity results should be around 12” x 12” or more. I think a
container that is 24” x 24” is good too, but takes up a lot of space.
These larger containers are for mostly Sativa and pure Sativa species.
Indica/Sativa, Mostly Indica and Indica will grow well in 12” x 12”
container.
Fertilizers:
Cannabis plants like food but not too much as we said before.
If you provide the food that your plant needs then it will provide you
with good results. However some fertilizers can change the taste of
your bud. Many people say this is a myth but you will be able to taste
the difference between natural outdoor bud and indoor bud that has
been chemically treated if you smoke enough varieties from various
grow techniques.
Some people have complained about headaches after smoking
indoor cannabis that has been burnt through overfeeding. There are
many reasons for this and one big reason is that the grower has not
361
used a feeding solution that is for food plants but one that is for plant
appearance like roses. Some of these non-food plant fertilizers contain
other ingredients than just the standard primary, secondary and
micronutrients. These extra ingredients can sometimes be toxic and a
warning label is written on the side of the bottle to indicate this. The
same goes for pest sprays that are toxic. This is another good reason
why you should grow your own bud.
However if you have read this book then you know to stick to
food fertilizers only and sprays that can be used on food plants. If you
get your feeding mixtures right you will boost the overall performance
of your plant. You will keep it healthy too.
Hormones can also increase the overall yield and vigor of
your plant. In some countries hormones are banned because they might
interfere with a plant's genetics.....and yours. It is best to read up more
on hormones before you use them, but most people have used
hormones, with a good brand name, and have achieved larger bud
quantities. Hormones can sometimes be expensive.
12/12:
If you use 12/12 and keep your flowering room completely
light tight, you will improve your overall yields. A 100% light tight
room will increase yields by 30% than a room that is only 99% light
tight. That is how important total darkness is!
362
If you can understand and control the above points then you
will achieve the goal.
This book will expand on a yearly bases. We will be adding
new tips and tricks from growers around the world to keep up with the
times. We hope that this book has helped you in some way and that
you will use it for future reference.
Remember - Do not break the law. Before you get seeds,
clones or grow cannabis check your countries laws to make sure that
you do not conflict with them. We would like you to grow cannabis but
we do not want you to get into legal trouble either.
Have Fun and thanks for reading this book.
Greg Green.
- LIBERATE THE HERB -
363
THE GREEN PAGES
364
Here are some great resources for cannabis related material that you
may want to check out. They come highly recommended.
365
A great shop to check out for the latest in pipe and pipe designs. The
RayDiaTor is a new water-cooled pipe. Check it out at
Yuppiepipe.com!
A great place to shop for great strains on the market today. Send an
E-mail to chimera for the latest stock lists and prices!
366
Want to hang out and chat with fellow growers from around the
world? Check out
www.overgrow.com
A great source for the latest information on cannabis news!
www.yahooka.com
367
SERIOUS SEEDS
Serious seeds is a great Dutch cannabis seed business that
developed the critically acclaimed AK-47 strain. AK-47 is one of the
most potent cannabis strains on the market today. They have also won
a number of cannabis cups.
368
Who are we? Serious Seeds is a small firm, concentrating on
the production of high quality, stable and consistent cannabis seeds for
the connoisseur Cannabis smoker. First, Serious strains are bred and
stabilized for many generations with quality as the highest priority.
These stable strains are selected for their unique properties then
crossed to produce vigorous Fl hybrid seeds.
When you grow our seeds you can be assured that the results
will be consistent because every batch of seeds has been tested for good
germination rates and uniformity. You will notice that we carry only
five sorts of seeds and maybe you wonder why? After all, there are
over a hundred types listed in some other seed banks. Instead of
padding our list with seed varieties that are available elsewhere,
Serious sells only our few custom developed and always prize-winning
varieties. Serious Seeds are sold per 15 in a protective and airtight
tube.
How do you know we're any good? In recent years there has
been an explosion in the Cannabis seed business. By looking at any
seeds it is impossible to tell what sort of weed will come out of them. If
you go with a known Dutch breeding outfit like Serious Seeds then you
can be assured that the seeds you receive are some of the highest
quality genetic material available on the cannabis seed market today.
One of the nice things about Serious seeds is our outlets. In
Amsterdam our seeds are also sold in coffee shops along with our bud.
If you visit one of these shops you will be able to try them out for
yourself.
A second measure of our quality is the number of awards we
have won in the High Times Cannabis Cup. The Cannabis Cup is
hosted by the smoker's magazine High Times and looks for the best
Cannabis strains in Amsterdam every fall, awarding several prizes in
369
different categories. In 1994 our 'AK-47' and 'Chronic' took awards
through another company. In 1995 we grew into Serious Seeds and our
'Kali Mist' won the Cup for best Hydro strain. In 1996 we introduced
‘White Russian', and it won the highly-valued, all-round-best award -
"The Cannabis Cup"!
What's in a name? Cannabis strain names (like Serious seeds
- 'AK-47') are rapidly winning over the different sectors of the coffee
shop industry. Serious Seeds has registered all of its names and even
fought in court over the use of those names, but for the buyer the
situation can be confusing. So, BEWARE, don't buy cheap seeds sold
with popular names because more than likely you will be disappointed.
Look for the name of the company that made the seeds. Consider who
created the strain and what prizes it has won. Serious Seeds means
quality! We have a name to uphold, so only buy REAL Serious seeds
in their genuine packages from us.
370
Indoor or outdoor? All of our strains are developed inside,
under HPS lights. This means that they do very well inside. From the
experiences of our customers, we know that when grown outside in the
right location, the results can be even better than inside growing. That
is no surprise, what is better than the sun? Even in the Netherlands,
home of Serious Seeds, we have seen good results from outdoor crops
of 'AK-47' and 'Chronic'.
Under natural conditions the 'AK' finishes early enough to
grow it in the garden. The Chronic thrives on our balconies where it
receives lots of light and stays protected from rain and strong winds. In
weather conditions similar to those of Holland you need to protect
cannabis flowers from the elements by picking early or sheltering the
plants. Indoor or outdoor growing is really a question of "Where do
you live?" and "Can you protect the plants from the elements long
enough to let them finish (like maybe in a glasshouse)?"
We are always interested in photos of plants growing in
extreme conditions. We invite you to tell or show us your results in
extreme conditions (high latitude or extremely wet areas for example)
then we can learn more about the limits of Serious Seeds genetic
material.
[Please note: Serious Seeds only mails to countries where it
is legal to import cannabis seeds. Our advice is to check the customs
regulations before you order. We can not be held responsible for
persons breaking these regulations; neither do we accept productliability.
You order at your own risk.]
371
Contact Information:
Serious Seeds
Postbus 2796 1000CT Amsterdam
Phone: +3120636.0989 Fax: +3120636.0989
KvK: H2703000 Postbank:6870020
Email: serious@xs4all.nl
History of Serious Seeds:
The breeder behind Serious Seeds, Simon is his name, is
responsible for the material sold by the seed bank. He studied biology
at one of the universities in Amsterdam and was a non-smoker. He
only discovered the merits of smoking pure marijuana after his study
while traveling through Africa in 1986. From that moment on he
started collecting seeds. Back in Holland he immediately started
growing those seeds out and crossing what he thought were the best
plants. Contacts with other growers gave him access to different plants
from which he also selected the best ones. The genetic background of
this material was not always clear but he was able to create some
fantastic strains.
372
Simon worked for some time at Sensi Seeds and still has a
good relationship with the people behind Sensi, Ben and Alan
Dronkers. In 1994 an effort was made to start a seed company with
some American pot refugees. That year the AK-47 as well as the
Chronic won prices at the American Cannabis Cup festival in
Amsterdam. That first seed company with the Americans was
discontinued and in 1995 Serious Seeds was formed.
It has always been a Serious policy to have our products
grown out by some of the best coffee shops in Amsterdam. The
‘Greenhouse' is one of those coffee shops which carries ‘Serious'
products. The Greenhouse coffee shop won a Cannabis Cup in 1995
with the Kali Mist produced by us, Serious Seeds. In 1996 another
famous Amsterdam coffee shop ‘The Dampkring' won the Overall
Cup at that years Cannabis Cup with our newest Serious strain White
Russian.
Serious has always been a small company, and prefers to stay
like that. We love to smoke and basically try to develop new and
373
interesting plants to grow and smoke for our own pleasure as well as
for our clients. This means we don't work to produce something new
every year for commercial reasons or to compete in the next contest.
We want to put a new name out when we think we have something
worth while for pot growers and smokers to try.
374
AK-47
An easy-growing good producer, this strains power earned it
the name. More the idea of a 'one hit wonder' than anything violent is
intended by the name. 'AK' has won many awards at the Cannabis Cup
and other Cannabis festivals - 6 in total! These plants have a short
flowering period, producing hard compact buds that gleam with resin
crystals making any farmer proud. Quality without compromise, this is
some serious flower power! And floral it is - be aware that these plants
do have a strong smell.
375
KALI-MIST
For connoisseur stash there is nothing like the almost 100%
sativa flowers from Kali Mist. A superb sativa with a high calyx-toleaf
ratio and long, running tops that produces full, fluffy, buds.
Expect spiralling buds with a high resin content and a delightfully
spicy scent. Kali Mist won the 1995 High Times Cannabis Cup for
Best Hydro and is the personal choice smoke for many expert
gardeners.
376
WHITE-RUSSIAN
With great pride we now announce the availability of White
Russian seeds. The big winner of the cup of all cups, the Cannabis Cup
in the 1996 High Times Magazine Cannabis Cup competition. These
seeds produce plants that are fantastic in both appearance, and effect.
This is no surprise once you know that White Russian is a combination
of the famous AK-47 and the equally well known White Widow. Since
this is our most skunky variety, expect compact tops with few leaves
and completely coated with white resin as well as a plant that is quite
strong smelling even in the vegetative period. The quality is fantastic.
Grow it and you will know it!
377
BUBBLE GUM
Originally the Bubble Gum was developed by growers in
Indiana, USA. From there the genetics moved to New England and
eventually Holland. Here the decision was made to bring the several
different phenotypes, all named Bubble Gum down to one type of
plant. It took many generations to finally produce this stable Bubble
Gum, with the characteristic sweet smell and euphoric high - the
original trademarks of this famous strain. The result is a short broadleafed
plant which grows a compact heavy bud with a very white,
crystalline appearance. Bubble Gum has been widely admired since the
mid 1990, winning 2 awards in the cannabis cups of 1994 (3rd best
coffee shop) and 1995 (3rd Biocup).
378
CHRONIC
Our most commercial variety, Chronic is the plant to grow
when yield and quality are top concerns. With its mostly indica
background Chronic can produce up to 600 g/m² without losing that
connoisseur feeling. The strong high comes from the heavy resin
content. Smokers that know and grow choose this plant for its
combination of appearance and sweet smell. Winner of the Third place
in the Hydro competition of the High Times Cannabis Cup in 1994.
This is the best choice for growers tired of losing quality when
increasing yield.
Please contact us if you want to find out how to get our
strains. You will not be disappointed and we know that when you have
379
tried us you will come back for more.
380
www.cannabisX.com
If you want to be able to ask more questions about growing or
post your own grow pictures then I suggest that you use the internet
which is the best way to make contact with the growing community.
http://www.cannabisx.com is the place to go. There is a whole list of
articles, news, medical updates and cannabis research papers that you
can read. It also happens to have a Chat feature and a Bulletin Board
system (called ‘X-Forums'). I post there now and again so you should
be able to make contact with me if you wish. I sometimes take E-mails
but can't guarantee that I will get around to answering all your
questions. You can E-mail me at: greg@cannabisx.com but it would be
better for you if you posted to the Bulletin Board system there instead.
Greg Green
381
Two weeks into flowering. This plant has very Indica dominant leaves.
Picture by n0.
382
This is a mostly Sativa plant. Notice her low height and very Sativa
dominant leaves. Picture by Vic High.
383
Inside the bud is a world of trichomes. Picture by Joop Jumas.
Nice dry and manicured bud. . Picture by ThePenguin
384
This is a well rooted clone. The clone was originally started in a
rockwool cube. After roots developed and grew out from the rockwool
cube the grower placed the cube and clone into some soil. You can see
the rockwool cube at the base of stem. This grower will cover that
surface up with soil after a bit more watering. Picture by Strawdog.
385
Thick pistils grow out from a host of calyx patches. The results can be
quite a marvelous display. This particular plant is being flushed dry of
nutrients seven days prior to harvest. You can see that the tips of the
leaves are suffering. The objective here is to completely rid the plant
of Nitrogen and other chemicals before harvesting. It makes the bud
easier to cure and make it taste better. Picture by NebuchadnezzaR .
386
Pure hash does not need to be smoked in large amounts. Here
MillumMadman has sparked up a few little hand rolled pellets of
hashish. Picture by MullumMadman.
387
This is a hydroponics SOG grow. The entire unit holds all ten clones.
Picture by Mia Stoner.
388
This is an elevated plan shot of a pruned cannabis plant. As you can
see branching is very angular. Picture by Infected.
389
Calyx development. Picture by Infected.
390
A Calyx. The ultimate Pre-flowering Indicator. Illustration by
strawdog.
391
BULB LUMENS CHART
BRAND/MAKE/CATEGORY/WATTS/LUMENS/PAR WATTS/CCT
Argosun Classic MH 1000 117000 581 ~3K
Hortilux Super HPS TM EN HPS 1000 145000 535 ~2K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1100 133000 505 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 117000 470 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 117000 470 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 117000 442 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 110000 441 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 110000 416 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 1000 80000 340 ~5K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 430 58500 220 ~2K
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 600 85000 205 ~2K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 400 55000 205 ~2K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 400 40000 159 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 40000 151 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 400 32500 138 ~5K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 36000 136 ~4K
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 400 55000 132 ~2K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 22000 87 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 23000 87 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 21500 85 ~3K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 250 19000 81 ~5K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 21000 80 ~4K
392
Hortilux Super HPS Deluxe HPS 250 32000 77 ~2K
Lamp Efficiency In LUMENS:
Hortilux Super HPS TM EN HPS 1000 145000 535 ~2K
GE Lucalox® Standard HPS 1000 140000 ~2.1
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1100 133000 505 ~3K
Philips Son Standard HPS 1000 130000 ~1.95K
Philips Son T HPS 1000 130000 ~1.95K
Osram Sylvania Lumalux® Standby HPS 1000 127000
~2.1K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 117000 470 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 117000 470 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 117000 442 ~4K
ArgoSun MS MH 1000 117000 581 ~3.2K
GE High Output (HO) MH 1000 115000 ~3.8K
Osram Sylvania Super Metalarc® MH 1000 115000 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 110000 441 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 110000 416 ~4K
GE High Output (HO) MH 1000 110000 ~3.4K
GE Multi-Vapor® Standard MH 1000 105000 ~4K
Philips Son T Plus HPS 600 90000 ~1.95K
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 600 85000 205 ~2K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 1000 80000 340 ~5K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 430 58500 220 ~2K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 400 55000 205 ~2K
393
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 400 55000 132 ~2K
Philips Son T Agro HPS 400 55000 ~2.05K
Philips Son T Plus HPS 400 55000 ~1.95K
Philips Son Plus HPS 400 54000 ~1.95K
GE Lucalox® Standard HPS 400 51000 ~2.2
Philips Son Standard HPS 400 48000 ~1.95K
Philips Son T HPS 400 48000 ~1.95K
Osram Sylvania Lumalux® Standby HPS 400 47500 ~2.1K
GE Extra High Output (XHO) MH 400 44000 ~4K
GE High Output (HO) MH 400 41000 ~4K
Osram Sylvania Compact Super Metalarc® MH 400 41000
~3.8K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 400 40000 159 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 40000 151 ~4K
ArgoSun MS MH 400 40000 ~3.2K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 36000 136 ~4K
GE Multi-Vapor® Metal Halide Standard MH 400 36000
~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 400 32500 138 ~5K
Hortilux Super HPS Deluxe HPS 250 32000 77 ~2K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 23000 87 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 22000 87 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 21500 85 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 21000 80 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 250 19000 81 ~5K
394
Lamp Efficiency for MH & HPS:
Argosun Classic MH 1000 117000 581 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1100 133000 505 ~3K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 117000 470 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 117000 442 ~4K
ArgoSun MS MH 1000 117000 ~3.2K
GE High Output (HO) MH 1000 115000 ~3.8K
Osram Sylvania Super Metalarc® MH 1000 115000 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 1000 110000 441 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 1000 110000 416 ~4K
GE High Output (HO) MH 1000 110000 ~3.4K
GE Multi-Vapor® Standard MH 1000 105000 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 1000 80000 340 ~5K
GE Extra High Output (XHO) MH 400 44000 ~4K
GE High Output (HO) MH 400 41000 ~4K
Osram Sylvania Compact Super Metalarc® MH 400 41000
~3.8K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 400 40000 159 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 40000 151 ~4K
ArgoSun MS MH 400 40000 ~3.2K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 400 36000 136 ~4K
GE Multi-Vapor® Standard MH 400 36000 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 400 32500 138 ~5K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 23000 87 ~4K
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 22000 87 ~3K
395
Sunmaster Warm Deluxe MH 250 21500 85 ~3K
Sunmaster Natural Deluxe MH 250 21000 80 ~4K
Sunmaster Cool Deluxe MH 250 19000 81 ~5K
Hortilux Super HPS TM EN HPS 1000 145000 535 ~2K
GE Lucalox® Standard HPS 1000 140000 ~2.1
Philips Son Standard HPS 1000 130000 ~1.95K
Philips Son T HPS 1000 130000 ~1.95K
Osram Sylvania Lumalux® Standby HPS 1000 127000
~2.1K
Philips Son T Plus HPS 600 90000 ~1.95K
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 600 85000 205 ~2K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 430 58500 220 ~2K
Hortilux Super HPSTM EN HPS 400 55000 205 ~2K
Sunmaster Super HPS Deluxe HPS 400 55000 132 ~2K
Philips Son T Agro HPS 400 55000 ~2.05K
Philips Son T Plus HPS 400 55000 ~1.95K
Philips Son Plus HPS 400 54000 ~1.95K
GE Lucalox® Standard HPS 400 51000 ~2.2
Philips Son Standard HPS 400 48000 ~1.95K
Philips Son T HPS 400 48000 ~1.95K
Osram Sylvania Lumalux® Standby HPS 400 47500 ~2.1K
Hortilux Super HPS Deluxe HPS 250 32000 77 ~2K
396
Three Things Marijuana Doesn't Do
By California NORML, 1992.
1. No brain damage seen in marijuana-exposed monkeys
Two new scientific studies have failed to find
evidence of brain damage in monkeys exposed to marijuana,
undercutting claims that marijuana causes brain damage in
humans. The studies were conducted by two independent
research groups. The first, conducted by Dr. William
Slikker, Jr. and others at the National Center for
Toxicological Research in Arkansas examined some 64
rhesus monkeys, half of which were exposed to daily or
weekly doses of marijuana smoke for a year. The other, by
Gordon T. Pryor and Charles Rebert at SRI International in
Menlo Park, California, which is still unpublished, looked at
over 30 rhesus monkeys that had inhaled marijuana one to
three times a day over periods of 6 to 12 months. Neither
study found evidence of structural or neurochemical
changes in the brains of the monkeys when examined a few
months after cessation of smoking.
The new results cast doubt on earlier studies
purporting to show brain damage in animals. The most
famous of these was a study by Dr. Robert Heath, who
claimed to find brain damage in three monkeys heavily
397
exposed to cannabis. Heath's results failed to win general
acceptance in the scientific community because of the small
number of subjects, questionable controls, and heavy doses.
Subsequent rat experiments by Dr. Slikker and others
reported persistent structural changes in the brain cells of
rats chronically exposed to THC. The studies did not show
that pot kills brain cells, as alleged by some pot critics, but
they did show degeneration of the nerve connections
between brain cells in the hippocampus, where THC is
known to be active.
Although scientists have regarded the animal
evidence as inconclusive, some critics have cited it as proof
that pot causes brain damage in humans. Thus Andrew
Mecca, the director of California Department of Alcohol
and Drug Abuse, recently stated on the Ron Reagan, Jr. talk
show (Sep. 2, 1991) that marijuana "leaves a black protein
substance in the synaptic cleft" of brain cells, a claim
apparently based on Heath's monkeys. When asked by a
NORML member for his evidence, Mecca sent a list of three
references, none of which turned out to have anything to do
with brain damage.
Although the new monkey studies found no physical
brain damage, they did observe behavioral changes from
marijuana. Slikker's group found that monkeys exposed
once a day to the human equivalent of four or five joints
showed persistent effects throughout the day. Slikker says
398
that the effects faded gradually after they were taken off
marijuana, and were not detectable seven months later,
when they were sacrificed. Autopsies did reveal lingering
chemical changes in the immune cells in the lungs of
monkeys that had inhaled THC. However, Slikker's group
concluded that experimental exposure to marijuana smoke
"does not compromise the general health of the rhesus
monkey."
References:
William Slikker, Jr. et al, "Chronic Marijuana Smoke
Exposure in the Rhesus Monkey," Fundamental and
Applied Toxicology 17: 321-32 (1991)
Guy Cabral et al, "Chronic Marijuana Smoke Alters
Alveolar Macrophage Morphology and Protein Expression,
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 40: 643-9
(1991)
Merle Paule et al., "Chronic Marijuana Smoke Exposure in
the Rhesus Monkey II: Effects on Progressive Ratio and
Conditioned Position Responding," Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 260: 210-22
(1992)
399
2. Pot found not to cause fetal alcohol syndrome
A new study of children born to marijuana-smoking
mothers found no link between marijuana exposure and the
birth defects of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The new
study, by Dr. Susan J. Astley of the University of
Washington, published in the January, 1992 issue of
Pediatrics, contradicted a 1982 study by Dr. Ralph Hingson,
in which prenatal exposure to marijuana was found to
increase the risk of FAS.
Hingson's results, which have not been replicated,
have been questioned on various methodological grounds, in
particular the difficulty of controlling for combined drinking
and pot use.
The new study looked for facial deformities
symptomatic of FAS in 40 children whose mothers had
smoked marijuana heavily during pregnancy and 40
controls, It found no association between marijuana and
FAS, but deformities were observed in children of women
who drank 2 ounces of alcohol per day or took cocaine.
3. New study finds pot doesn't lower testosterone
A new study by Dr. Robert Block at the University
of Iowa disputes the commonly held notion that marijuana
alters the level of testosterone and other sex hormones.
400
The study contradicted a widely publicized 1974
study by Dr. R.C. Kolodony, which reported decreased
testosterone levels in men who smoked marijuana
chronically.
The U. of Iowa study found that chronic marijuana
use had no effect on testosterone, luteinizing hormone,
follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin and cortisol in men or
women.
Noting that six other studies had failed to show
lowered testosterone levels in men, Dr. Block concluded: "It
appears that marijuana, even heavy use of the kind that's
typical in the United States, doesn't alter testosterone
levels." However, he cautioned that heavy use might have
other adverse effects, including "possible effects on
reproductive function and mild, selective cognitive
impairments associated with heavy, chronic use."
Block's study is published in Drug and Alcohol
Dependence, Vol. 28: 121-8 (1991).
401
10 Things Every Parent, Teenager & Teacher Should
Know About Marijuana.
(Text of a flyer from the Family Council on Drug
Awareness.)
"Prohibition...goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it
attempts to control a man's appetite by legislation and
makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. A
prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon
which our government was founded."
-- Abraham Lincoln, December, 1840
This pamphlet was researched and produced as a public
service by the Family Council on Drug Awareness, P.O.
Box 71093, LA CA 90071-0093
1 Q. What is Marijuana?
A. "Marijuana" refers to the dried leaves and flowers of the
cannabis plant [1], which contain the non-narcotic chemical
THC at various potencies. It is smoked or eaten to produce
the feeling of being "high." The different strains of this herb
produce different sensual effects, ranging from sedative to
stimulant.
402
2 Q. Who Uses Marijuana?
A. There is no simple profile of a typical marijuana user. It
has been used for 1000s of years for medical, social, and
religious reasons and for relaxation [2]. Several of our
Presidents [3] are believed to have smoked it. One out of
every five Americans say they have tried it. And it is still
popular among artists, writers, musicians, activists, lawyers,
inventors, working people, etc.
3 Q. How Long Have People Been Using Marijuana?
A. Marijuana has been used since ancient times [4]. While
field hands and working people have often smoked the raw
plant, aristocrats historically prefer hashish [5] made from
the cured flowers of the plant. It was not seen as a problem
until a calculated disinformation [sic] campaign was
launched in the 1930s [6], and the first American laws
against using it were passed [7].
4 Q. Is Marijuana Addictive?
A. No, it is not [8]. Most users are moderate consumers
who smoke it socially to relax. We now know that 10% of
our population have "addictive personalities" and they are
403
neither more nor less likely to overindulge in cannabis than
in anything else. On a relative scale, marijuana is less habit
forming than either sugar or chocolate but more so than
anchovies. Sociologists report a general pattern of
marijuana use that peaks in the early adult years, followed
by a period of levelling off and then a gradual reduction in
use [9].
5 Q. Has Anyone Ever Died From Smoking Marijuana?
A. No; not one single case, not ever. THC is one of the few
chemicals for which there is no known toxic amount [10].
The federal agency NIDA says that autopsies reveal that 75
people per year are high on marijuana when they die: this
does not mean that marijuana caused or was even a factor in
their deaths. The chart below compares the number of
deaths attributable to selected substances in a typical year:
Tobacco 340,000 - 395,000
Alcohol
(excluding crime/accidents) 125,000
Drug Overdose
(prescription) 24,000 - 27,000
Drug Overdose (illegal) 3,800 - 5,200
Marijuana 0
404
*Source: U.S. Government Bureau of Mortality Statistics,
1987
6 Q. Does Marijuana Lead to Crime and/or Hard
Drugs?
A. No [11]. The only crime most marijuana users commit is
that they use marijuana. And, while many people who abuse
dangerous drugs also smoke marijuana, the old "stepping
stone" theory is now discredited, since virtually all of them
started out "using" legal drugs like sugar, coffee, cigarettes,
alcohol, etc.
7 Q. Does Marijuana Make People Violent?
A. No. In fact, Federal Bureau of Narcotics director Harry
Anslinger once told Congress just the opposite - that it leads
to non-violence and pacifism [12]. If he was telling the truth
(which he and key federal agencies have not often done
regarding marijuana), then re-legalizing marijuana should be
considered as one way to curb violence in our cities. The
simple fact is that marijuana does not change your basic
personality. The government says that over 20 million
Americans still smoke it, probably including some of the
nicest people you know.
405
8 Q. How Does Marijuana Affect Your Health?
A. Smoking anything is not healthy, but marijuana is less
dangerous than tobacco and people smoke less of it at a
time. This health risk can be avoided by eating the plant
instead of smoking it [13], or can be reduced by smoking
smaller amounts of stronger marijuana. There is no proof
that marijuana causes serious health or sexual problems [14]
but, like alcohol, its use by children or adolescents is
discouraged. Cannabis is a medicinal herb that has hundreds
of proven, valuable theraputic uses - from stress reduction
to glaucoma to asthma to cancer therapy, etc. [15].
9 Q. What About All Those Scary Statistics and
Studies?
A. Most were prepared as scare tactics for the government
by Dr. Gabriel Nahas, and were so biased and unscientific
that Nahas was fired by the National Institute of Health [16]
and finally renounced his own studies as meaningless [17].
For one experiment, he suffocated monkeys for five minutes
at a time, using proportionately more smoke than the
average user inhales in an entire lifetime [18]. The other
studies that claim sensational health risks are also suspect,
since they lack controls and produce results which cannot be
replicated or independently verified [19].
406
10 Q. What Can I Do About Marijuana?
A. No independent government panel that has studied
marijuana has ever recommended jail for users [20].
Concerned persons should therefore ask their legislators to
re-legalize and tax this plant, subject to age limits and
regulations similar to those on alcohol and tobacco.
For More Information, Write:
Family Coucil on Drug Awareness
P.O. Box 71093, LA CA 90071-0093
Footnotes:
1. The same plant, known as hemp, has an estimated
50,000 non-drug commercial uses including paper, textiles,
fuels, food and sealants, but these uses are also banned by
existing laws. Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica, federal
documents and historical records.
2. Coptic Christians, Rhastafarnians [sic], Shintos,
Hinus, Buddhists, Sufis, Essenes, Zoroastrians, Bantus, and
many other sects have traditions that consider the plant to
have religious value.
407
3. Their personal correspondence and records reveal
that U.S. Presidents Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and
others smoked hashish, as did Benjamin Franklin and Mary
Todd Lincoln. President John F. Kennedy is also reported to
have smoked marijuana to relieve his back pain. Many of
America's greatest leaders and Founding Fathers (including
George Washington) were hemp farmers. Sources: National
Archives, published reports.
4. Archeologists report that cannabis was possibly the
first plant cultivated by humans - about 8000 B.C. - and was
used for linen, paper, and garments. Source: Columbia
University, _History of the World_. It was being smoked in
China and India as early as 2700 B.C.
5. Turkish smoking parlors were popular in both
Europe and America. as well as the Middle and Far East, as
recently as the turn of the Century.
6. The exhaustive Indian Hemp "Raj" Commission
report (1986) by British authorities found no reason to
restrict its use. But the notorious yellow journalist William
Randolph Hearst fabricated and published horror stories
about marijuana that were eventually investigated and
shown to be lies, but not until long after the marijuana
prohibition was enacted in 1938. Source: Larry Sloman,
408
_Reefer Madness_.
7. Laws against marijuana were passed a year after the
invention of a machine to harvest and process hemp so it
could compete commercially against businesses owned by
Hearst, the DuPonts and other powerful families. Source:
Jack Herer, _The Emporor Wears No Clothes_.
8. Marijuana does not lead to physical dependency.
Costa Rican Study, 1980; Jamaican Study, 1975; Nixon
Blue Ribbon Report, 1972, et. al.
9. Source: Psychology Today, Newsweek, et.al.
10. Source: All univerity medical studies: UCLA,
Harvard, Temple, etc.
11. Costa Rican Study, 1980; Jamaican Study, 1975;
"The legal drugs for adults, such as alcohol and
tobacco...precede the use of all illicit drugs." Source:
National Academy of Sciences.
12. The FBI reports that 65-75% of criminal violence is
alcohol related. "Pacifist syndrome" testimony was given by
Federal Bureau of Narcotics Director Harry Anslinger
before Congress (1948). However, the "Siler" Study
409
conducted by the U.S in Panama (1931) reported "no
impairment" in military personnel who smoked marijuana
while off duty.
13. "The only clinically significant medical problem is
that scientifically linked to marijuana is bronchitis. Like
smoking tobacco, the treatment is the same: stop smoking."
Source: Dr. Fred Oerther, M.D.
14. Coptic study (UCLA), 1981; "There is not yet any
conclusive evidence as to whether prolonged use of
marijuana causes permanent changes in the nervous system
or sustained impairment of brain function and behavior in
human beings." Source: National Academy of Sciences.
Source: Dr. Tod Mikuriya, _Marijuana Medical Papers_.
Marijuana could replace at least 10-20% of prescribed drugs
now in use. Source: Dr. RaphaelMechoulam. Marijuana
was a major active ingredient in 40-50% of patent medicines
before its ban.
16. 1976
17. 1983
18. The U.S. Government reports that the oral dose of
cannabis required to kill a mouse is about 40,000 times the
410
dose required to produce symptoms of intoxication in man.
Source: Lowe, _Journal of Pharmacological and
Experimental Therapeutics_, Oct. 1946.
19. In another famous study, Heath/Tulane (1974), wild
monkeys were brutally captured, then virtually suffocated in
marijuana smoke over a period of 90 days. Source: National
Institute of Health.
20. Examples: the "LaGuardia" Committee Report (New
York, 1944) and President Richard Nixon's Blue Ribbon
"Shafer" Commission (1972).
411
INDEX
Abuse 25
Acid 141, 271, 325, 355
Addictive 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 256
Aeroponics 209, 212, 213, 214
Afghani 317, 325, 328, 335, 345
Air
circulation 277, 356, 358, 359
layering 261, 345
Air-cooled 130, 131, 132, 199, 200
Air-stone 228, 229, 231
Alga 223, 228
Alkaline 141, 157, 162, 345
Allele 288 - 292
Alternate 345
Animals 23, 267
Ants 271
Aphids 271, 272
Asia 22, 23
Attack, plant 63, 277
Attic 93, 94
Automatic
pots 209, 215
Backcrossing 319 - 321
412
Bale 345
Ballast 120 - 122, 128 - 133
Bamboo 247, 354
Basement 18, 94
Bees 79
Belgium 25, 204
Bench
growing 120, 136, 152
Bending 246, 247, 254
Bhang 345
Bleach 134, 228, 273
Blight 345
Bloom 218, 223
Blotch 345
Blue light See Metal Halide (M.H)
Blueberry 250, 317, 330
Blunt 345
Bong 346
Bonsai 346
Boron 163, 278
Breathe 141, 143, 165, 199, 353
Breeding See chapter 15.
Bubbler 226, 227 - 231
Bulbs 120 - 130, 391
Bushes 252 - 253
413
Cabinets 94, 120, 188, 193, 197 - 199, 256, 256
Calcium 163
Calyx 68, 170, 171, 351, 353, 375, 385, 389, 390
Cambium 346
Canker 346
Cannabinoids 27, 38, 39, 43, 44, 283, 335, 342
Cannabis,
death 25
Canning 283
Canopy 189, 191, 194, 195,
Canvas 282
Carbon
dioxide CO2 166, 346, 351
Cardboard 101, 235
Cash 108, 109
Caterpillar 268, 269
Cats 264
CBD 38
CBDV 38
CBL 38
CBN 38
CDC 38
Ceiling 132, 202
Cellophane 343
Characteristics See phenotype
Cheesecloth 84
414
Chemical
burns See over feeding
Chlorine 163, 266, 278
Chlorophyll 346
Chlorosis 346
Chromosome 288 - 290
Clay 145
Cleaning See Sterile
Clipping See Pruning and Topping
Clones 78, 85, 86, 172, 189, 191, 194, 199, 217,
227, 236, 245, 257 - 262, 297, 315, 320,
322, 323, 326, 362, 384, 387
Clonex 259
Closet See Cabinet
Cola 29, 32, 103, 151, 185, 188, 191, 192, 236,
241, 242, 243, 248, 249, 250, 252, 346
Cold 87, 165, 166, 238, 342
color See Phenotype and Genotype.
Compost 91, 147, 346
Containers See Pots
Copper 163, 278
Corkscrew 254
Cottonseed
meal 162
Court 108, 369
Credit card 80, 108, 339
415
Creeping 276, 347
Cross See Backcross, Heterozygous and Hybrid
Crystals See Trichomes
Cubing 319, 321, 323
Cull 24, 273
Curing 33, 280, 283
Curling 277
Cuttings See Clones
Cutworms 268, 269
Dangers 24, 127, 138
Deer 115, 265, 267
Deficiency 163, 278
Delta-8 THC See THC
Delta-9 THC See THC
Dieback 347
Dioecious 347
Discoloration 276, 353
Disease 292, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 354
Dividing 347
Dominant 290 - 318
Double
digging 347
Double
potting 151
Draft See Cold
416
Drainage 145, 205
Drift, genetic 310, 311
Drip Irrigation 209, 212,
Dripper 212
Driving 26
Drum machine 340, 341, 344
Ebb & Flow 209, 211
E-mail 52, 53, 380
Embryonic 66
Epidermis 347
Epsom salts 163, 165, 277, 278
Equilibrium 292, 303
Evolution 176, 293
F1 308, 319
F2 308
Fan 87, 88, 110, 130, 131, 154, 165 - 168, 197 -
199, 202, 359
Fan Leaf 44, 154, 186, 195, 243, 244, 280, 281
Father 290
Feeding See Nutrients
Female,
example 59
Fertilizer See Nutrients
Fire 111
417
Flavour 56
Flood &
drain See 'Ebb and Flow'
Flowers See Male and Female
Flowering
times 56, 94, 187, 189, 280
Fluorescent 125, 127, 192, 196, 199, 356
Flush 157 - 161, 164, 256, 278, 385
Foliar Feeding 347
Forests 96, 99, 117, 118
Formula 223, 224, 295, 346
Formulex 217
Frequency See Equilibrium
Frosty See Trichomes
Fungicide 267, 348
Gall 348
Ganja 348
Genetic
migration 310, 351
Gene Pairs 290
Gene pool 293 - 297, 305, 306 - 312, 317 - 320, 322,
323
Genes 288 - 293, 295 - 297, 311, 312, 317, 323,
348
Genetic drift 310, 311
418
Genetically
engineered
(GM) 39
Genotype 289, 297 - 299, 302 - 307, 309, 313 - 317,
348
Germination 56, 65, 66, 79, 83 - 85, 87 - 89, 91, 107,
199, 221, 233, 279, 368
Gibrellic acid 325
Glabrous 348
Glands 44, 335
Gnats 271
Grafting 348
Greenhouse 85, 89, 372
Ground coffee 162
Groundhog 226
Grow Dan 205
Guerrilla
growing 63, 99, 115,255
Habitat 348
Halogen 126
Hamsters 318
Hard Water 225
Hardyweinberg
equilibrium See Equilibrium
419
Harvest 32 - 34, 44, 45, 48, 49, 56, 74, 77, 94, 114,
117, 187, 189, 199, 239, 241, 242, 244, 273,
280 - 284, 286, 336, 385
Hashish 39 - 44, 336, 340, 342, 343, 348, 386
Hawaiian 326, 330, 333
Haze 114, 286, 287, 298, 312 - 314, 319, 326,
331, 332
Heat See Temperature
Hemp 24, 39, 348
Hermaphrodite 31, 177, 181, 323 - 325, 348
Hermphrodite,
Pictures 178 - 181
Heterozygous 288, 298, 299, 301 - 304, 307 - 310, 314,
315, 319, 320
HID
(High Intensity
Discharge) 120, 123, 128, 131 - 135, 188, 192, 196,
255, 345, 348, 356, 357, 391
High Pressure
Sodium (HPS) 82, 129, 130, 132, 134, 136, 193, 202, 348,
352, 370, 391
Himalayas 23
Hippy 96
Homozygous 288, 297 - 299, 301 - 308, 312, 314 - 320
Hookah 348
Hormones 91, 361
420
HPS See High Pressure Sodium
Humidity 165, 166, 352
Humus 146, 147, 349
Hybrids See Heterozygous
Hydroponics Chapter 9
IBL (In Breed
Line) 285, 287, 313, 318, 328
Incandescent 124
Indica 35 - 37
Infection 349
Inflorescence 413
Influence 346, 349
Inhale 335, 354
Inoculum 349
Insecticide 349
Insects 79, 265
Internodes 36, 37
Ionic 218
Iron 163, 278
Kief 349
Larvae 268, 274
Leaf,
Pictures of 36
421
Leaf Hopper 268
Lee, Bruce 25
Lemon peels 162
Lesion 349
Light Rail 202
Loam 146
Lobe 350
Lockout 163, 164, 278, 279
Locus 290, 291
Logistics 77
Lumens 133 - 136, 255, 391
Magnesium 163, 277
Male,
Picture of 106, 183
Manganese 163
Manual
hydroponics
pots 209, 215
Manure 147, 350
Margin 350, 353
Marigolds 265
Maturity 72, 74, 280
Mealy Bugs 273
Medical 9, 25, 28
Medium 85, 89, 90, 108, 139, 143, 144, 147, 172,
422
188, 194, 205 - 208, 211 - 213, 220, 224,
228, 259, 278, 282, 343, 351, 353 - 355, 359
Mendel,
Gregor 305, 306, 308
Metal Halide
(MH) 128 - 130, 132, 350, 391
Mercury
Vapor
(MV) 128
Microns 337
Micronutrients 91, 163, 164, 350
Mirrors 137, 339, 341
Mites 63, 34, 88, 265, 270, 274
Molybdenum 163, 278
Mongolia 22
Mother plant 78, 79, 189, 257 - 259, 321 - 323, 350
Mottle 350
Mould 195, 246
Mud 143, 159
Mutation 310, 311, 350
Mylar 137, 138, 177, 199, 202
Natruim
hydroxide 325
Natural
selection 295, 310, 312, 322
423
Nematicide 350
Nematode 350
NFT Nutrient
film
technique 209 - 210
Nitrogen 142, 163, 224, 277, 351, 385
Node 30, 253, 259, 350, 355
Non-random
mating 310, 312, 322
NPK 163 - 165
Nutrients 163 - 165, 216 - 226
Odor 110, 212
Offspring 181, 285, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 299,
300 - 308, 311, 315, 319, 320 - 323, 349
Optimal
growth 42,
Organic 147, 346, 349 - 351
Osmosis 225
Overwatering
149, 154, 160
Ozone
generator 110, 202
Parasite 348, 349, 351, 355
Pathogen 345, 349
424
Peat moss 351
Peduncle 351
Perennial 351
Perforation 149, 210
Perianth 351
Perlite 144, 351
Pesticides 264, 275
Pests See Chapter 12
pH 91, 141, 142, 146, 156, 157, 159 - 162, 169,
221, 222, 225, 235, 255, 276, 278, 345, 351,
359
Phenotype 289, 290, 297, 303, 314
Phosphorous 142
Photoperiod 47, 176, 177, 325, 351
Photosynthesis 166, 223, 351
Phototropism 352
Phyllotaxy 352
Pinching 352
Pistil See Trichomes
PMP (potency
monitoring
project) 39
Pollen 70, 72, 74, 79 - 81, 106, 177, 178, 181, 185,
285, 286, 312, 321 - 323, 335, 352, 353
Pots 101, 104, 139, 148, 149, 153, 154, 169, 189,
199, 209, 215, 235, 256, 274
425
Potassium 142, 243, 277, 351
Pot Bound See Rootbound 278
Potency 39 - 41, 50, 105, 256, 257, 283, 285, 288,
297, 328, 352, 357
Powder bugs 265
Power Gro 218
Precipitation 217, 218
Predator See Chapter 12
Pre-flowering 68, 169 - 173, 176, 182
Pressing 339
Propagation See Chapter 3
Pruning 50, 240, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 253
Psychoactive 38, 346, 354
Pumps 209, 211
Punnett square299, 303, 305 - 308
Purple 288, 292, 317, 329, 332, 334
Pyrethrum 265
Rabbits 265
Racy 244, 255
Radiation 123, 311, 350
Recessive 289 - 294, 297 - 308
Reefer 352
Reflector 120, 121, 128, 136
Re-flowering 32
Reservoir 207 - 211, 213, 219, 220, 223, 225, 226, 230
426
Resin See Trichomes
Resistance 352
Re-veging 32
Reverse
osmosis 225
rH See Humidity
Roach 352
Rock-wool 83, 85 - 87, 89, 104, 172, 205, 206, 217,
220, 221, 228 - 230, 259, 261, 262, 384
Root Bound See Pot Bound 278
Rot 353
Ruderalis 35, 37, 47, 105
Rust 225, 246, 353
Safer's soap 269
Salt 270
Sand 144
Sativa 35, 36
Scale 118, 141, 225, 272, 346, 353
Scorch 353
Screens 338, 341,
ScrOG
(screen
of Green) 188, 190, 191 - 196, 202, 244, 246, 253, 256
Secondary
nutrients 163 - 165
427
Security See Chapter 4
Seed-banks 51 - 56
Seedling 66, 67, 77, 85, 88, 89, 91, 94, 128, 152, 354
Seeds See Chapter 2
Selfing
(selfpollination)
323
Senescent 353
Sepal 353
Serrated 353
Sexing 171, 172, 255
Shavings 336, 330
Shock See Stress
Silk 337 - 339
Silt 145, 146
Sinsemilla 31, 73, 80, 181, 185, 312, 353
Skuff 336, 337, 339 - 344, 349, 353
Skunk 22, 55, 56, 57, 109, 110, 287, 293, 317, 326,
353
Slugs 270
Snail 270
SOG (Sea of
Green) 120, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194 - 196, 202,
244, 253, 256
Soil 66, 72, 84, 85, 88 - 91, 100, 101, 104, 107,
119, 141 - 147, 151 - 164, 169, 188, 196,
428
205, 206, 207, 208, 216, 217, 221, 222, 233,
235, 238, 239, 244, 255 - 257, 259, 261,
262, 271, 274, 278, 279, 345 - 347, 349,
350, 356, 359, 360, 384
Species See Indica, Sativa and Ruderalis
Spider mites 63, 64, 88, 104
Spliff 353
Squaring 321
Stalked
capitate
trichomes See Trichomes
Stamen 353
Stash 56, 353
Stem Break 225
Sterile 273
Stimuli 45
Stipule 353
Stoma 353
Stout 353
Strains 328
Street
cannabis 28, 337, 343
Stress 24, 64, 177, 278, 326
Substrate 351, 353
Sugar 243
Sulphur 163
429
Switzerland 204
Taxa 354
TDS meter 219, 220
Temperatures 131, 166, 358,
Terminal 354
Test Cross 297, 299, 302, 304, 307, 315, 316
Tetra-hydro
-cannabinol See THC
Textile
industry 24
Thai
stick 354
THC 24, 31, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47, 92, 105, 185,
255, 282, 283, 335, 352, 354
THCV 38
Thermometer 166
Thinning 242 - 247, 354
Tie 88, 158, 247
Timer 39, 120 - 122, 128, 176
Toke 354
Training 253, 254
Traits See phenotype
Transpiration 354
Transplant 77, 85, 89, 90, 139, 143, 152, 159, 279, 354
Trichomes 41 - 44, 335 - 338, 341, 342
430
Trim 254, 281, 282, 336, 337, 339, 341, 342
True
breeding See IBL
Termites 271
Twisting 277
Twelve
twelve
12/12 174 - 177, 182, 186, 189, 256, 282, 325
Urine 265, 267
Variations 192, 196, 287, 305, 311, 314, 315, 319, 323
Vascular 223, 353, 354
Veins 278
Vent 130, 131, 197, 199
Vermiculite 144, 354
Viable 53, 72, 89, 285,
Virus 335
Waste
material 156
Watering,
indoor 153
outdoor 238
Wattage 120, 124, 128, 132 - 134
Weeds 233 - 237
431
Whitefly 269
Whorl 346, 347, 355
Wild 24, 177
Wilt 154, 238, 267, 355
Wilt Fungus 267
Wind See Air
Windows 87, 94, 99, 165
Wire 115, 191, 194
Withering 276
Woodchuck 265
Yields 235, 256, 361
ZERO ZERO 39 - 41, 342
Zinc 195, 331
Zonked 335
432
433
Disclaimer
The materials presented in this publication are distributed by the
publisher for information purposes only. The information is provided
solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their
own assessments of the subjects discussed and are advised to verify all
relevant representations, statements, information and obtain
independent advice, including legal advice, before acting on any of the
information contained in or in connection with this publication.
Although every care has been taken to provide information that is
suitable for this publication we can not accept responsibility for
unsuitable, incomplete or inaccurate material that may be contained in
this publication.
We make no claim as to the accuracy of the information in this
publication, or the accuracy of the information provided by third
parties connected to this publication.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information is
accurate, we will not accept any liability for any losses or damages
which may be incurred by any person acting in reliance upon the
information.
434
The Cannabis Grow Bible
© Copyright 2001, Greg Green
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or
otherwise, without written permission from the author.
435

 

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the pdf download high quality i tried copy and pasting as you see didnt work to good lol

 

i have lots of gowing vids a very very good video on growing hydro with a home made system but its a pretty big vid i need an upload place

 

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