Diamond rain falls on Saturn and Jupiter

Diamond rain could be "the most common precipitation in the Solar System" the authors say
\nDiamonds big enough to be worn by Hollywood film stars could be raining down on Saturn and Jupiter, US scientists have calculated.
\nNew atmospheric data for the gas giants indicates that carbon is abundant in its dazzling crystal form, they say.
\nLightning storms turn methane into soot (carbon) which as it falls hardens into chunks of graphite and then diamond.
\nThese diamond "hail stones" eventually melt into a liquid sea in the planets' hot cores, they told a conference.
\nContinue reading the main story\t“Start Quote<blockquote>People ask me - how can you really tell? It all boils down to the chemistry. And we think we're pretty certain”
</blockquote>Dr Kevin BainesUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
The biggest diamonds would likely be about a centimetre in diameter - "big enough to put on a ring, although of course they would be uncut," says Dr Kevin Baines, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
\nHe added they would be of a size that the late film actress Elizabeth Taylor would have been "proud to wear".
\n"The bottom line is[SIZE=1.077em]that 1,000 tonnes of diamonds a year are being created on Saturn.[/SIZE]
\n"People ask me - how can you really tell? Because there's no way you can go and observe it.
\n"It all boils down to the chemistry. And we think we're pretty certain."
\nThunderstorm alleys
\nBaines presented his unpublished findings at the annual meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society in Denver, Colorado, alongside his co-author Mona Delitsky, from California Speciality Engineering.
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Gigantic storms on Saturn create black clouds of soot - which hardens into diamonds as it falls
Uranus and Neptune have long been thought to harbour gemstones. But Saturn and Jupiter were not thought to have suitable atmospheres.
\nBaines and Delitsky analysed the latest temperature and pressure predictions for the planets' interiors, as well as new data on how carbon behaves in different conditions.
\nThey concluded that stable crystals of diamond will "hail down over a huge region" of Saturn in particular.
\n"It all begins in the upper atmosphere, in the thunderstorm alleys, where lightning turns methane into soot," said Baines.
\n"As the soot falls, the pressure on it increases. And after about 1,000 miles it turns to graphite - the sheet-like form of carbon you find in pencils."
\nBy a depth of 6,000km, these chunks of falling graphite toughen into diamonds - strong and unreactive.
\nThese continue to fall for another 30,000km - "about two-and-a-half Earth-spans" says Baines.
\n"Once you get down to those extreme depths, the pressure and temperature is so hellish, there's no way the diamonds could remain solid.
\n"It's very uncertain what happens to carbon down there."
\nOne possibility is that a "sea" of liquid carbon could form.
\n"Diamonds aren't forever on Saturn and Jupiter. But they are on Uranus and Neptune, which are colder at their cores," says Baines.
\n'Rough diamond'
 
The findings are yet to be peer reviewed, but other planetary experts contacted by BBC News said the possibility of diamond rain "cannot be dismissed".
\n"The idea that there is a depth range within the atmospheres of Jupiter and (even more so) Saturn within which carbon would be stable as diamond does seem sensible," says Prof Raymond Jeanloz, one of the team who first predicted diamonds on Uranus and Neptune.
\n"And given the large sizes of these planets, the amount of carbon (therefore diamond) that may be present is hardly negligible."
\nHowever Dr Nadine Nettelmann, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, said further work was needed to understand whether carbon can form diamonds in an atmosphere which is rich in hydrogen and helium - such as Saturn's.
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The planet 55 Cancri e may not be so precious after all, a new study suggests
"Baines and Delitsky considered the data for pure carbon, instead of a carbon-hydrogen-helium mixture," she explained.
\n"We cannot exclude the proposed scenario (diamond rain on Saturn and Jupiter) but we simply have no data on mixtures in the planets. So we do not know if diamond formation occurs at all."
\nMeanwhile, an exoplanet that was believed to consist largely of diamond may not be so precious after all, according to new research.
\nThe so-called "diamond planet" 55 Cancri e orbits a star 40 light-years from our Solar System.
\nA study in 2010 suggested it was a rocky world with a surface of graphite surrounding a thick layer of diamond, instead of water and granite like Earth.
\nBut new research to be published in the Astrophysical Journal, calls this conclusion in question, making it unlikely any space probe sent to sample the planet's innards would dig up anything sparkling.
\nCarbon, the element diamonds are made of, now appears to be less abundant in relation to oxygen in the planet's host star - and by extension, perhaps the planet.
\n"Based on what we know at this point, 55 Cancri e is more of a 'diamond in the rough'," said author Johanna Teske, of the University of Arizona.
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http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24477667