The Enemy Below: Why Hamas Tunnels Scare Israel So Much

 By Gerard DeGroot

Gerard DeGroot is a professor of history at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. He is the author of 13 books on 20th-century war and politics.

below are snippets from the long article, source of full article at end of post;

Tunnels are a simple solution to an age-old wartime problem: how to attack a well-defended enemy. In justifying its ongoing offensive in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli government has publicized scenarios of Hamas fighters pouring forth from dozens of “terror tunnels” crossing from Gaza into Israel, ready to launch lightning attacks on kibbutzim or to blow up Israel Defense Forces positions. Such scenarios are powerful because tunnels evoke a peculiar horror - as though the devil himself were emerging from hell to spread torment on Earth.

If a target is disciplined and well fortified, like Israel, attackers have difficulty traversing the battlefield to engage it. By providing concealment up to the moment of engagement, tunnels are a labor-intensive but cheap alternative. Yahya al-Sinwar, a Hamas political bureau member, recently boasted that tunnels have shifted the fortunes of war in favor of the Palestinians. “Today, we are the ones who invade the Israelis,” he said. “They do not invade us.”

The value of tunnels is magnified in asymmetric conflicts, in which a small insurgent force takes on a larger, more powerful enemy. In the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea (132-136 A.D.), Jewish rebels used tunnels to launch lightning commando raids on superior Roman forces, the aim being to sow fear and undermine morale. The Americans encountered essentially the same threat in Vietnam. In that war, the main problem facing GIs was not fighting the enemy but finding it. Viet Cong rebels would hide in vast tunnel complexes such as those at Cu Chi, emerge to launch an ambush and then disappear. The Cu Chi tunnels, which extended more than 200 miles, could house thousands of troops for long periods. The facility included ammunition stores, dormitories, meeting rooms, hospitals and even cinemas.


The potential that tunnels offer insurgents is what worries the Israelis. An enemy that is underground and invisible carries a multiplier effect that corrodes morale - the threat is not so much what a few tunnel soldiers could do but rather that they might emerge anywhere, at any time. Thus, the tunnel is the perfect conduit for the delivery of terror. In June 2006, Hamas militants used a tunnel to attack an Israeli army post. After firing a short antitank barrage that killed two Israeli soldiers, the militants took hostage a 19-year-old soldier, Gilad Shalit. The entire operation lasted less than six minutes, yet the fallout is felt to this day. After being held for five years, Shalit was exchanged for about 1,000 Palestinian prisoners. Hamas now appears eager to duplicate that success. On Monday, a raid by 10 tunnel fighters dressed in Israeli uniforms occurred just 220 yards from Kibbutz Nir Am. The fighters were all killed, but they did manage to slay four Israeli soldiers.

“This morning we woke up from this dream that such a thing could never happen,” Shlomo Maizlitz, head of the regional emergency committee, remarked of the Nir Am attack. “. . . We didn't dream that the tunnels would get to our area. We thought it was too difficult to drill anywhere near it. Now, everything looks different.”

Tunnels offer succor to the insurgent ground down by the greater wealth and superior technology of his enemy. Thus, in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen, Islamic extremists are thought to be constructing tunnel complexes in response to American drone attacks. So far, a high-tech solution to the tunnel problem remains elusive, forcing the U.S. military to consider the unpalatable possibility of reviving the tunnel rats.

The main advantage of the tunnel, however, lies in its propaganda potential. The notion that tunnels alone have shifted the course of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is nonsense - but it is nonsense that gives heart to the Palestinians. The tunnel is an effective symbol of solidarity and struggle. That is what Cu Chi revealed: The tunnels, because of the immense effort required to construct them, demonstrated, in Vietnam and beyond, the enormous determination of the Viet Cong. This explains why the Vietnamese government is keen for tourists to visit the tunnels, which have become iconic symbols of patriotic struggle.

Propaganda, however, is a two-edged sword. For the Israelis, the tunnels are an effective way of encouraging images of an embattled nation. We fear most what we cannot see. In this case, the horror of what might lurk beneath inspires a reaction out of proportion to the actual threat.

Are the tunnels a new calamity capable of changing the balance of power in Gaza? Probably not. It's difficult to find instances when tunnel tactics have fundamentally altered the course of a war. They are, by nature, tactics born of desperation. But they have always been effective in sowing fear. It's no coincidence that we're hearing a lot about tunnels precisely when events in Gaza find the Israelis in desperate need of friends.

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