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What Happened To Me :(

Discussion in 'Marijuana Stash Box' started by ItsReneeYo_, Apr 24, 2014.

  1. is all good...i may not have been clear..... :smoke:
    anyone who is actually interested in the types of seizures that do produce these types of symptoms....
    they are occasionally described as psychic seizures because they often have no physical symptoms....
     
     
    because i live with this..... i happen to know a few other people who do...and have had to do the research for myself....
    again... i cant tell you that any of you have this... only that some of what is described here..... would get you put in the EEG if you told it to the neurologist.....
    \tPsychic SeizuresMonisha Goyal, MD, Paul Zarkowski, MD, and Barbara E. Swartz, MD, PhD.

    Psychic epileptic seizures involve purely sensory or subjective symptoms with retained memory for the ictus. These seizures do not involve loss of consciousness. They do not have a motor component. Thus, some psychic seizures have been previously covered in the sections on sensory symptomatology and dyscognitive seizures. In this section, we discuss ictal symptoms including hallucinations of all modalities, illusions involving distortions of existing objects, dysmnesic symptoms involving distortions of time, and intellectual symptoms with alterations in thought content. Psychic seizures must be distinguished from the psychiatric illnesses that they may closely resemble.
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    \tAffective SeizuresAny emotion can be expressed during the course of an epileptic seizure (2.2.2.1). Irritability, anxiety, and anger can occur from amygdalar seizures or stimulation (46,48). Fear is commonly a component of hippocampal seizures (90). It is often without content and thus takes on the perception of unreality (91). An affectless expression of fear can occur with cingulate seizures, as can a feeling of happiness (64,71). Auras may involve the sudden onset of overwhelming fear without dependence on the patient's mood or thoughts (92), and ictal episodes of isolated fear may be confused with psychiatric illnesses of paranoia or panic disorder.
    \tCase Study #11A 55-year-old man was noted to have a change in mood over 3 years, from placidity to increasing spells of irritability. He was increasingly suspicious, with brief episodes of inexplicable severe fright. He had short episodes of unnatural aggressiveness lasting from a few seconds to half a minute. An EEG showed high-voltage 2 to 3 per-second waves in the right temporal area. An inoperable glioma was found in the right temporal lobe (93).

    Gelastic (laughing) or dacrystic (crying) epileptic seizures can occur; even in the same individual.
    \tCase Study #12A 35-year-old had epileptic seizures since the age of 5 years. Her current seizures consisted of simple laughter, often preceded by a feeling of euphoria. These did not respond to high doses of several antiepileptic drugs, and routine EEGs were normal. Video-EEG recorded numerous episodes of laughter and/or crying accompanied by midline to right temporparietal region rhythmic theta activity. She was able to speak during the events but was amnestic afterwards.

    These affective epileptic seizures may emanate from the frontal lobe or temporal lobe, but the gelastic seizures are best known in association with hypothalamic hamartomas, which appear to be the seizure source, possibly through connections to the anterior thalamus and on to the cingulate cortex (94–95).

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    \tDysmnestic SeizuresDysmnestic seizures are another category of cognitive seizures. The perception of memory is distorted in dymnesic seizures. Two types are commonly reported. Déjà vu is the false sensation that life is repeating itself. Jamais vu is the false sensation that familiar objects, persons, or situations have never been encountered before. The déjà vu of temporal lobe epilepsy is well known; it has been described following stimulation of either the hippocampus and surrounding regions, or the parietotemporal neocortex (96–98). Jamais vu is less well studied, but may involve the same structures with a different emotive component. Some subjects describe a sense of "wanting to remember" as an aura phenomenon (70). These dysmnestic affections have been reported with both right- and left-sided seizure foci. Rarely, a Klüver-Bucy syndrome having auditory and visual agnosias, hyperorality, hypersexuality, and emotional blunting has been described with ictal involvement of both temporal lobes or as a postictal phenomenon (99).
    Gloor reported the case of a 39-year-old man with two types of seizures. One type originated from the left temporal lobe and caused loss of awareness, automatisms, and aphasia. His more common type arose from the right temporal lobe and started with unpleasant churning in the stomach, pounding headache, and a sudden feeling of déjà vu associated with a feeling of prescience. During one episode the patient reported, "In a minute there will be more people, as if it all happened before, just reliving all of this. The more I know what is going to happen, the farther it goes and the dizzier I feel…" Typical events proceeded to anguish and depressed mood. The latter epileptic seizures were reproduced with electrical stimulation of the right limbic structures (97). Real memories can be experienced as well. One of our patients had a distinct aura of "seeing her mother's purse" from when she was a child, just before a seizure. Later this was replaced by seeing the door to her gym as an aura.
    \tHallucinationsEpileptic hallucinations of all modalities have been reported, including olfactory, visual, auditory, and gustatory (103). Pungent odors classically, although not commonly, present as the initial symptoms of temporal lobe seizures (uncinate fits, 100). Sometimes these auras may comprise the only symptoms. Macrae reports the case of a 44-year-old woman whose frequent attacks consisted of 1 minute of intense fear followed by the hallucination of "a horrible smell-not a real smell-somewhat like the smell of burning hedges" (91). After a few more seconds, she would feel that she was being choked by the smell and would slowly sink to the ground but would not lose consciousness. Scalp EEG showed a right temporal focus. These seizures were eliminated by the removal of a right-sided meningioma. The first such description was by Hughlings Jackson (100). One case, on depth recording, is reported of olfactory hallucinations from the orbitofrontal cortex; this patient was cured by surgery (101), although this case does not exclude a propagation out of the orbital cortex as the explanation for the symptomatology, as noted by Munari and Bancaud (16).
    Paradoxical odors are more commonly due to aberrations in the nasal mucosa or psychiatric hallucinations than to actual epileptic seizures. The olfactory hallucinations associated with psychogenic seizures frequently are reported as pleasant. These pleasant olfactory hallucinations have been described as the smell of perfume, food, or pure oxygen (103104). This is in contrast to the ictal olfactory hallucinations of temporal lobe epilepsy, which are generally unpleasant, although one patient described her aura as "the smell of water," which was neither unpleasant or pleasant.
    Epileptic visual hallucinations may be simple or complex. Simple visual hallucinations consist of phosphenes, sparks, or flashing lights. Complex visual hallucinations are formed images frequently with relevance to the patient's past experience. In a series of 144 consecutive adult patients with medically refractory simple or complex partial seizure disorders, 8.3% reported "elementary visual" auras (105). These simple visual auras were twice as prevalent in seizures having nontemporal foci than temporal foci. The visual hallucinations were the sole ictal manifestation in 3.6% of seizures. Rarely, visual auras may arise from a frontal focus (106), presumably from the direct and reciprocal occipital to frontal eye-field pathway. Complex visual hallucinations have been categorized as experiential auras and are found more often in seizures having temporal lobe foci (98). Pen-field and Jasper localized these to the parietotemporaloccipital cortex (30).
    Some epileptic complex visual hallucinations are so intense they may be confused with psychiatric illness. Gloor reported the case of a 19-year-old woman who had seizures consisting of intense fear, loss of consciousness, automatisms as if in intense terror, lower extremity numbness, and visions of crocodiles trying to bite her legs. Depth EEG showed ictal activity arising from the right temporal lobe (97). The visual hallucinations of drug withdrawal and psychiatric disorders are commonly well-formed as well. These can be distinguished from ictal phenomena by their greater variability in features and longer duration-hours to days-in contrast to minutes with epileptic symptoms (107).
    Epileptic auditory hallucinations may be elementary or complex. Elementary auditory hallucinations are simple noises such as ringing, buzzing, or hissing and more commonly arise from foci in the temporal lobe, presumably in or near Heschl's gyrus, the primary auditory cortex. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, 2.6% reported elementary auditory auras in a series of 144 patients with refractory disease (105). Auditory distortions (hyper- or hypoacusis) and even deafness can occur rarely (98,104). Complex auditory hallucinations are frequently accompanied by visual images but may be isolated events. One patient with complex partial seizures reported events that started with nausea, then an illusion of voices getting louder, and finally a hallucination of music of various styles, including rock and classical. His EEG showed seizures with nonfocal right hemispheric onset or onset at the right sphenoidal electrode (108).
    Auditory hallucinations are also frequently found in schizophrenia. The variability and duration of symptoms can be used to distinguish psychiatric illness from ictal auditory hallucinations.
    Gustatory hallucinations are often a symptom of parietal, temporal, and temporoparietal seizures. Taste is also not well localized but appears most likely to be at the parietal operculum, posterior to the primary sensory strip (109). Seizures from this area can give rise to unusual tastes or be triggered by particular tastes.
    Interestingly, the same aura preceded seizures of either parietal or temporal origin in this patient.
    <div style="background-color:rgb(251,251,251);">\tCase Study #13A 32-year-old male experienced uncontrolled epileptic seizures following a head injury at age 23 years. He described an aura of a taste "like orange juice" in his mouth prior to the seizures and stated that pizza or orange juice would sometimes trigger seizures. He was taken off antiepileptic medication for purposes of intracranial video-EEG documentation, but had had no seizures for several days. An attempt at seizure induction was made with orange juice and pizza. This did trigger an epileptic seizure from the region of the right parietal operculum, which propagated to the right lateral-medial temporal complex.

    In a detailed stereo-EEG study, Hauser-Hauw and colleagues (108) were able to induce a brief isolated gustatory hallucination by electrical stimulation of the parietal or Rolandic operculum in patients with gustatory seizures. Gustatory manifestations are commonly associated with elements such as staring reactions, clonic contractions of the face, deviation of the eyes, and salivation in parietal seizures, and oral movements, autonomic disturbances, and epigastric symptoms in temporal lobe seizures. Stimulation studies locate these findings to the temporal operculum or superior circum-insular region (111,112).

    \tIllusionsUnlike hallucinations, which are perceptions of objects in their absence, illusions are misperceptions of objects or sensory phenomena that are present in the ambient environment. Visual illusions have been reported as auras in patients with partial seizures involving both the occipital and temporal lobe. These illusions comprised diffuse distortions of the object's size, color, or shape. One patient reported seeing the color of printed material change to a scarlet red or kelly green (112). Other distortions can occur. For instance, objects may appear to move further away or closer, to shrink or grow, so-called metamorphopsia. Polyopia or pallinopia (an image repeated upon itself in a series) can occur and can be monocular. Complex auditory hallucinations have been reported to be of medical or lateral temporal involvement (96–98).
    In one patient with right temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing cortical mapping with subdural electrodes, "out-of-body" experiences were induced by the electrical stimulation of her right angular gyrus (112). The "out-of-body" experience comprised the sensation that her consciousness was detached from her body and floating overhead. She reported seeing her legs and trunk lying below her in bed. When asked to watch a specific limb during the stimulation, she reported distortions in the size of her limb or the sensation that the limb was rapidly moving toward her. The epileptic focus was located 5 cm anterior to the site of stimulation. "Out-of-body" experiences were not part of her usual seizures. Other cases from our experience suggest a parietal origin as well.
    \tCase Study #14A 20-year-old woman had nightly epileptic seizures since the age of 12, which became diurnal later in life. These were hyperkinetic in semeiology but began with an aura of "things appearing somehow strange or different, not the same." This aura was the only clue directing subdural coverage of the right mid-parietal area (other evidence had pointed to the frontal lobe). The parietal lobe was indeed the focus. (113).


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    \tIntellectual SymptomsPsychic epileptic seizures may involve cognitive symptoms, such as the sensation of forced, racing, or perseverative thoughts. These have been ascribed to the frontal pole (16,71). Other descriptions include the sense of watching oneself from the outside, which can occur with temporal or frontal foci (114,115).

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  2. My guess would be because you played call of duty...
     

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