I dont know all of that but heres what i do know, hope it helps, also, nice thread, thanks for posting this it was an interesting read.
1) Gold/Silver Fuming - this is when piece a gold or silver is held near the pipe, (inside or outside) and heated until the point of vaporization. When it vaporized is leaves a very this smokey looking coat of the metal on the glass. It looks kind of cool but does not add to the smoking experience, just appearance. Usually a this layer of glass is metled over the fumed portion as well to ensure a seal and keep it clean throughout smoking.
2) Insideout work - this is when the designs on the pipe are actually on the inside of the glass and a thick layer of clear or lightly colored glass is placed on top of them to magnify the design and keep the outside smoothe to the touch.
3) Magnifier - usually just a simply round or convex marble that makes the designs underneath it appear larger. No purpose other than decorative.
4) Flattened mouthpiece - This is just personal preference. Personally i think they are more comfortable and you can get a better seal on them with your lips to prevent pure air from coming in and thus minimizing your hit. But it is simlpy a comfort/personal preference thing.
5) Pyrex is simply a more heat resistant and stronger type of glass. It looks the same as regular glass ans can be colored/tinted/decorated in the same fassion. It is just more durable in general. The glass pans you bake in are made of pyrex to give you an example.
6) CCG - Glass itself does not shange colors. Color changing pipes are semi-transparent. Because of this you can see the resin on the inside of the glass after you smoke out of it. As this collects over time the pipe appears to change color because the background is a different color. This is why many glass sellers will display color changing glass on black backgrounds or a black pieve of felt to give an impression of what it will look like after it "changes color" However after you clean the pipe, it will be the same colors it was when it was origionally purchased.
7) Bubblers are awesome! The advantage is that they filter the smoke through water like a bong, but they are much more compact. They hit much harder than a spoon because there is more room in the chamber for the smoke to resinate and because it is filtered and cooled it is easy to take longer hits. This is also why you get higher from them. I have one and it is one of my favorite pieces.
8) Hammers - there are two types that i have encountered. Bubblers and dry happers. The hammers with downstems are bubblers, so see above. But the dry ones hit differently then a spoon because the smoke has more time to expand in the larget chanber, thus a larger hit. They tend to be more fragile, and larger, but they hit nicely from my experiences.
9) Dry colored - The desings on the glass are actually painted on the glass, then the glass is reheated and a thin layer is welded on top of the designs to seal them. This simply allows for a different appearance, and often more intricate details that cannot normally be achieved with glass alone.
10) Carbs - A carb needs to be about the size of a BB. Or the size of this smiley face
, possibly a little larger. The purpose is to clear the chamber of smoke. It should be done when smoking with others before you pass the pipe, never pass a pipe with smoke in the chamber. Simply use it at the end of a hit to clear the chamber. A side note though, if you are trying to be discrete and hide the smell, when you use a carb you get a littel residual smoke off the bowl unless you continue to pull after the chamber has been cleared until the cherry is out. But typically, just use it at the end of a hit or when passing the bowl.
Hope this helped! Toke on